05 Jul 1History 102: Optional Special Assignment on Volta
1History 102: Optional Special Assignment on Voltaire’s CandideSpring 2020Dr. Rzadkiewicz and Ms. ShuherkNote for future use: Voltaire’s Candide can be considered a primary source for studying aboutthe Enlightenmentfor example, its fictional literatureas well as Voltaire’s biography.It could also be used as a secondary source, if, for example again, your focus is, say, 19th-centuryEuropean literature, and you cite Candide to contrast Romantic with Enlightenment fiction orthought.The following assignment is optional, meaning that you don’t have to do it. But some of youmay want to do it for extra points toward your final grade in the course.Description of the Assignment, which is worth thirty points (3 points for each concept and 3points for the bonus):The following is a list of the major general ideas, ideals, and values of the Enlightenmentfound in Voltaire’s Candide, published in 1759. They are concepts as the Enlightenmentphilosophes understood them.1. Freedom: especially freedom of thought, necessary for autonomy (freedom from externalcontrol or influence; independence), as Kant indicated in his definition of Enlightenment;2. Humanism: a concern for humanity, what is uniquely human, and for solving humanproblems;3. Cosmopolitanism: familiarity with different cultures obtained through travel;4. Toleration; the practice of tolerating people who differ from you in their opinions, practices,religions, etc.5. Secularism: worldliness; removing religion from explanations about how the world or aspectsof it work;6. Pagan self-reliance: relying on yourself to solve problems, instead of praying to your god orthe gods to help you;7. Empiricism: strictly speaking, the theory that all knowledge is derived from senseexperience; but it can also mean, as Voltaire used it, learning from experience;8. For cultural relativism: the idea that a person’s beliefs, values, and practices should beunderstood based on that person’s own culture, rather than be judged against the criteria ofanother; in other words, it means being non-judgmental when one encounters people whodisplay different practices or beliefs than those accepted as the norm in your culture; that is, youtry to understand people who are different in terms of their culture, not yours. As such, it is theopposite of ethnocentrism, which constitutes being judgmental, as one evaluates other cultures2according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one’s own culture, Thiscan be a toughie, so here’s a clue from Candide: monkeys, and the difference between howCandide and Cacambo react when they see them.9. Realism: the attitude or practice of accepting a situation as it is and being prepared to dealwith it accordingly. Let’s see. Candide is subtitled Optimism, a stance that is represented byPangloss; Martin, another character, is a pessimist in his outlook, the complete opposite ofPangloss. Which three characters represent realism?Bonus: What is the meaning of the famous last line of Candide? ‘All that is very well,’answered Candide, but let us cultivate our garden.’ What does Voltaire mean? Provide a briefexplanation.Your assignment is to find a scene or a theme in Candide that illustrates concepts one throughnine and explain briefly how it does. Once again, three points will be given for each correctanswer and explanation. The bonus is also worth three points.I am opening a forum so that you may discuss the particulars of the assignment with each otherbefore writing out your answers. But if you have read Candide, completing this assignmentshould be a breeze.The assignment is due by noon on April 18.
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