01 May AKT is a proto-oncogene. Please answer the following questions:
AKT is a proto-oncogene. Please answer the following questions:
a. AKT is activated by activated growth factor receptors through a signalling
pathway. List the 4 key signal transducers and second messengers that
activate AKT. Please provide both their names and enzymatic activity, where
applicable.
b. Provide the name and enzymatic activity of a negative regulator of this
pathway. Is the gene encoding this factor a proto-oncogene or a tumour
suppressor?
c. What type of enzyme is AKT? What reaction does it catalyse?
d. Please describe one substrate of AKT. Which hallmark of cancer is affected
by phosphorylation of this substrate, and how?
2. BRAF is a MAP kinase kinase kinase, which is often mutated to BRAF V600E in
cancers such as melanoma. Describe a precision medicine targeting BRAF V600E.
How does this drug interfere with the function of BRAF V600E and cancer cell
proliferation? In your answer, please consider how BRAF V600E differs from
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