15 May HOW DOES THIS BRIEF EXPLANATION HELP YOU BETTER UNDERSTAND WHAT WAS HAPPENING IN THE SOUTHERN, MIDDLE, AND NEW ENGLAND COLONIES?
Juliana Barr, in Peace Came in the Form of a Woman demonstrates that the native women were integral to political and social negotiations with the Spanish and French in what we now call Texas and the bordering areas. Political kinship and trade relations relied on the women who, through marriage, cemented relations. The French were more successful in doing this than the Spanish. Also, the Spanish raped, whereas the French generally did not (probably because it was bad for business). This caused conflict, which took the Spanish a long time to overcome. She points out through meticulous research in Spanish documents that in Texas (the area that Cabeza de Vaca writes about) the Spanish were barely holding their own against the native population into the eighteenth century. The American Indians used the Spanish as necessary to fight their enemies, the Apaches.
In the second part of the book, she explains that the Caddo and Apache were enemies. The Spanish did not realize that by establishing a treaty with the Caddo, this automatically made them enemies of the Apache. There was war, then a brief treaty to fight the Comanche, and then more war between the Spanish and the Apache. The war turned around Apache women. The Apache men did their best to protect them in order to preserve the proper functioning of their society. The Spanish fought to kill or enslave the Apache women to destroy their society. The enslaved women were often sent to New Orleans to be sold.
How does this brief explanation help you better understand what was happening in the southern, middle, and New England colonies?
Another important author for a different borderlands is Sylvia Van Kirk. She writes mostly on the Canadian fur trade, but what happened there is not much different from the French fur trade in what is now the United States. What is important is that there was little violence between the Indians and the French compared to the Spanish and the English (and later the Americans). This was because the exchange or business relationship was much stronger. The French wanted fur pelts. The Indians wanted French goods. The French liked the Indians being an important market for them. Women played an important role in resisting pressure to convert their peoples to Christianity. With the French, though, they played a dominant role in promoting the fur trade and ensuring its success, and in acting as the diplomats and peacemakers. The women also hunted animals for fur, the smaller ones whose fur was especially prized in the French market. To ensure a long term, peaceful economic relationship, the women engaged in a wide-ranging intermarriage system with the French traders. The Indians viewed this as cementing their economic and political alliances. The French soon realized that these intermarriages benefited them in many ways, especially economically and sexually. The tribes most implicated in intermarriages were the Cree, Ojibwa, and Chipewyan. This relationship with the French became important when the French and British started to clash, so students should keep it in mind. Also, anyone interested in pursuing this line of research should find publications by Sylvia Van Kirk, among others.
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