WHAT HAPPENS DURING THE CONVENTIONAL STAGES OF KOHLBERG’S THREE LEVELS OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT?

21 May WHAT HAPPENS DURING THE CONVENTIONAL STAGES OF KOHLBERG’S THREE LEVELS OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT?

What are the two stages within the first level (Preconventional level) of Kohlberg’s Three Levels of Moral Development?

A. punishment and obedience orientation; instrumental and relative orientation

B. interpersonal concordance orientation; law and order orientation

C. social contract orientation; universal moral principles orientation

D. microsocial norm orientation; interpersonal concordance orientation

Question 2 of 20

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What happens during the Conventional Stages of Kohlberg’s Three Levels of Moral Development?

A. Children can see moral rights and wrongs.

B. Children can apply the labels good, bad, right, and wrong.

C. Children satisfy their own needs through right actions.

D. The person tries to see right and wrong impartially.

Question 3 of 20

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What is an example of a microsocial norm?

A. prohibition of murder

B. prohibition of alcohol

C. prohibition of torture

D. prohibition of stealing

Question 4 of 20

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_______ attempt(s) to explain the world without reaching any conclusions about whether the world is as it ought to be.

A. Ethics

B. A descriptive study

C. Social responsibility

D. Moral standards

Question 5 of 20

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_______ are those norms that differ from one community to another and that should be applied to people only if their community accepts those particular norms.

A. Cultural norms

B. Microsocial norms

C. Hypernorms

D. Ethical norms

Question 6 of 20

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What happened when Stalney Milgram tested subjects’ willingness to follow the orders of an authority figure to give electric shocks to someone else?

A. No subjects were willing to harm other people.

B. One-third of subjects were willing to harm other people.

C. Two-thirds of subjects were willing to harm other people.

D. 90% of the subjects were willing to harm other people.

Question 7 of 20

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Richard Scrushy, former CEO of HealthSouth, was convicted of:

A. Defrauding Medicare & falsifying reports

B. Stealing company property

C. Bribery, conspiracy and mail fraud

D. Bigamy

Question 8 of 20

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What is the theory of ethical relativism?

A. the theory that there are universal ethical standards that people should adhere to

B. the theory that there are no ethical standards whatsoever

C. the theory that ethical standards are dependent on each particular culture

D. the theory that ethical standards are dependent on the culture’s level of technology and advancement

Question 9 of 20

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In the Integrative Social Contracts Theory, what is the term for moral standards that differ from one community to another?

A. social norms

B. microsocial norms

C. hypernorms

D. communal norms

Question 10 of 20

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__________ include norms we have about the actions we believe are morally right and wrong, as well as the values we place on what we believe is morally good or morally bad.

A. Personal ethics

B. Behaviors

C. Moral standards

D. Social contracts

Question 11 of 20

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_______ stated that businesses are obligated only to the stockholders and that owners have the right to say how the corporation should be run.

A. David Reed

B. James Rachels

C. Milton Friedman

D. Edward Freeman

Question 12 of 20

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In the Integrative Social Contracts Theory, what is the term for moral standards that should be applied to people in all societies?

A. social norms

B. microsocial norms

C. hypernorms

D. macrosocial norms

Question 13 of 20

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How do we stimulate moral development in ourselves?

A. experience difficult ethical decisions ourselves

B. engage in interaction and discussion of moral issues with people around us

C. read about how others have dealt with ethical decisions

D. avoid ethically dubious situations

Question 14 of 20

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The term for the worldwide process by which the economic and social systems of nations become connected is called:

A. connectivity.

B. internationalization.

C. multinationalism.

D. globalization.

Question 15 of 20

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Though business ethics covers a variety of topics, three basic types of issues are:

A. systematic, corporate, and public.

B. systematic, corporate, and individual.

C. individual, group, and social.

D. systematic, corporate, and group.

Question 16 of 20

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_______ consists of all those methods, processes, and tools that humans invent to manipulate and control their environment.

A. Operations

B. Capital knowledge

C. Corporate capability

D. Technology

Question 17 of 20

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_______ is/are not established or changed by authoritative bodies.

A. CSR guidelines

B. Affirmative action plans

C. Ethics of utility

D. Moral standards

Question 18 of 20

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What does the “Loyal Agent Argument” state?

A. An employer would want to be served in whatever ways will advance his or her self-interests.

B. A customer expects to be served in whatever ways will ensure their loyalty to the company or brand.

C. An employee has a duty only to themselves as a loyal agent, and nobody else.

D. Companies will not waste time serving ethical needs because acting ethically does not advance their self-interests.

Question 19 of 20

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What ethical stance should managers adopt when in a foreign country whose laws and culture are different than what they are used to?

A. Judge each case as it comes along.

B. Stick to the higher standards that are typical in their home country.

C. Always follow local practices and laws.

D. Follow their own personal code of ethics.

Question 20 of 20

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What is “stakeholder theory”?

A. Corporate managers are obligated only to the shareholders, and no one else, because they own the corporation.

B. Corporate managers are obligated only to the customers, and no one else, because they are the lifeblood of the corporation.

C. Corporate managers should consider everyone, including outside interests, when making a decision.

D. Corporate managers should consider all groups or individuals who can affect the achievement of an organization’s objectives.

ashworth college BU490 Online Exam 2 latest 2016 may
Part 1 of 1 – 80.0/ 100.0 Points

Question 1 of 20

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__________ consider it wrong to tax someone to provide benefits to someone else.

A. Egalitarians

B. Utilitarians

C. Libertarians

D. Kantians

Question 2 of 20

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A __________, according to Kant, is the reason a person has for doing what he plans to do.

A. justification

B. purpose

C. maxim

D. mandate

Question 3 of 20

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Which of the following is an ethical rule governing contracts?

A. The contract must be fair.

B. The contract must be enforceable.

C. The contract must be specific.

D. The contract must not be immoral.

Question 4 of 20

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What is the definition of capitalis
t justice?

A. Every person should be given exactly equal shares of a society’s or a group’s benefits and burdens.

B. In any situation the right course of action is the one that will provide people with the greatest amount of benefits while minimizing harms.

C. Benefits should be distributed according to the value of the contribution the individual makes to a society, a task, a group, or an exchange.

D. Work burdens should be distributed according to people’s abilities, and benefits should be distributed according to people’s needs.

Question 5 of 20

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When might it be appropriate for civil rights to be restricted?

A. during times of economic hardship

B. during times of war

C. when different political parties come into power

D. when the majority disagrees with the minority being restricted

Question 6 of 20

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What type of justice involves the allocation of benefits and burdens?

A. retributive justice

B. distributive justice

C. reparative justice

D. compensatory justice

Question 7 of 20

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The first formulation of the categorical imperative incorporates two criteria for determining moral right and wrong: universalizability and:

A. applicability.

B. reversibility.

C. enforceability.

D. entitlement.

Question 8 of 20

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What is the definition of egalitarianism?

A. Every person should be given exactly equal shares of a society’s or a group’s benefits and burdens.

B. In any situation the right course of action is the one that will provide people with the greatest amount of benefits while minimizing harms.

C. Benefits should be distributed according to the value of the contribution the individual makes to a society, a task, a group, or an exchange.

D. Work burdens should be distributed according to people’s abilities, and benefits should be distributed according to people’s needs.

Question 9 of 20

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What does the First Formulation of Kant’s Categorical Imperative hold similarities to?

A. the golden rule

B. the golden mean

C. utilitarianism

D. ethical relativism

Question 10 of 20

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What type of justice involves remuneration for wrongs or injuries?

A. retributive justice

B. distributive justice

C. reparative justice

D. compensatory justice

Question 11 of 20

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Immanuel Kant’s principle, called the categorical imperative, requires that everyone be treated as:

A. A free and equal person

B. A dependent employee

C. An indentured person

D. A non-resident employee

Question 12 of 20

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The most flexible method is to measure actions and goods in terms of:

A. how they relate to rights

B. how they relate to justice

C. their monetary equivalents

D. their impact on health and life

Question 13 of 20

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Why did the Ford managers decide not to fix the gas tank on the Pinto?

A. because they believed it was best for society as a whole

B. because they did not have enough time or budget

C. to save money on the cost of fixing the tanks

D. because they were acting in self-interest

Question 14 of 20

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Which of the following is true regarding moral rights and legal rights?

A. Legal rights are more specific than moral rights.

B. Moral rights are universal.

C. Moral rights are dependent on where you live.

D. Legal rights cannot be revoked.

Question 15 of 20

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What are intrinsic goods?

A. things that are considered good because they lead to other good things

B. things that we believe we desire, because of advertising and popular opinion

C. things that are desired for their own sake, such as health and life

D. things which we do not value or desire, but others do

Question 16 of 20

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__________ rights imply that others have a duty not only to refrain from interference, but also to provide you with what you need to pursue your interests.

A. Positive

B. Negative

C. Privacy

D. Entitlement

Question 17 of 20

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What is the ethic of virtue?

A. an emphasis on the value of caring for others’ well-being

B. an ethic based on evaluations of the moral character of a person

C. a view that holds that actions should be weighed based on benefits and costs

D. the ethic that benefits and burdens should be distributed fairly

Question 18 of 20

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The __________ principle says that the right action for a particular occasion is the one that produces more utility than any other possible action.

A. rational

B. utilitarian

C. justice

D. egalitarian

Question 19 of 20

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What is the “X-system” based on?

A. the use of other’s experiences to cross-reference with when making conscious moral decisions

B. the use of instinct when making unconscious moral decisions

C. the use of schemas or prototypes of experiences in the past to make unconscious moral decisions

D. the use of drawing upon our moral principles to see which ones might apply when making conscious moral decisions

Question 20 of 20

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An entitlement is called a __________ right.

A. distributive

B. legal

C. human

D. contractual