Question 61. Which of the following is an important factor in a toddler’s ability to contro

61. Which of the following is an important factor in a toddler’s ability to control impulses?

a. increased ability to withstand delays in gratification

b. increased sensorimotor intelligence

c. development of running and jumping ability

d. increased understanding of the concept of distance

62. Marta’s son Roberto is very upset and angry. He is overtired from their trip to the zoo, and he just fell down and scraped his knee on the sidewalk. Marta brings Roberto on her lap, and tries to comfort him by talking about all the fun they have had. What is she teaching Roberto?

a. She is teaching him how to use language to gain control of intense feelings.

b. She is teaching him that big boys shouldn’t cry.

c. She is teaching him that he has no control over his feelings.

d. She is teaching him to feel afraid of her.

63. How can children use fantasy play to help them control their emotions?

a. avoid situations that are beyond their real-world capabilities to control

b. intensify their impulses in fantasies

c. create imaginary situations in which disturbing problems can be expressed and resolved

d. create fantasies of being punished for expression of impulses

64. Children learn a great deal about how to control anger by ________.

a. watching their parents when they are angry

b. having a pet

c. listening to verbal discussions about anger

d. interacting with angry peers

65. What is the goal in the socialization of the expression and control of angry feelings?

a. to let children know that anger is never acceptable

b. to teach children how to find acceptable expressions of anger without hurting themselves or others

c. to teach children that it is acceptable to express anger to those outside the family but not toward family members

d. to make sure that children experience strong feelings of shame and doubt when they get angry

66. In toddlerhood, the immediate goal of _______________ is to achieve compliance.

a. will

b. imitation

c. autonomy

d. discipline

67. The three major kinds of discipline practices are power assertion, love withdrawal, and________.

a. playfulness

b. avoidance

c. imitation

d. induction

68. The discipline strategy that involves expressing disappointment, refusing to communicate, or turning away from the child is called _________.

a. ego engagement

b. power assertion

c. love withdrawal

d. induction

69. Which of the following approaches to disciplining a toddler is especially effective in promoting positive child outcomes?

a. The discipline should take place after a few hours so the child has time to think about the misdeed.

b. The discipline should be firm but not overly harsh because harsh punishment is associated with maladaptive consequences.

c. The discipline should be administered over a long period of time so that the toddler really feels bad and will learn not to do the misdeed again.

d. None of these.

70. Which of the following is a new strategy a toddler might learn to help them manage feelings of frustration?

a. distracting themselves and redirecting their attention to an alternate activity or toy

b. seeking comfort or distraction from a parent or play companion

c. creating a pretend scenario in which they soothe themselves through the use of a fantasy character

d. all of these

71. The ability to delay gratification of impulses varies from toddler to toddler. Which of the following is associated with differences in the ease or difficulty children have in controlling their impulses?

a. Children who are more active and aggressive have better control of their impulses.

b. Children who have a secure attachment with their caregiver are better able to regulate their impulses.

c. Toddlers who can tell time are better able to control their impulses.

d. Children who are indifferent to the distress of others are better able to control their impulses.

72. In Mischel’s research, children who had waited longer in an experimental situation that required self-imposed delay of gratification at age 4 were described by their parents 10 years later as _______than their peers.

a. having more difficulty using and responding to reason

b. more distractible and less able to concentrate

c. more frustrated

d. more verbally fluent and able to plan ahead

73. Children who can express anger and not lose control make gains in the development of _______.

a. trust

b. autonomy

c. imitation

d. language

74. The ability to control impulses and _________ are two components of the developmental task of self-control.

a. self-esteem

b. self-regulated goal attainment

c. cooperation

d. imitation in the absence of the model

75. According to Vygotsky’s view, __________ plays a key role in helping young children solve problems and attain their goals.

a. assimilation

b. accommodation

c. egocentric speech

d. parallel play

76. Kareem is trying to put some blocks together to make a tall tower. As he works he says “Be careful, go slow.” This is an example of the use of speech for ______________.

a. self-directed goal attainment

b. self-comforting

c. self-regulation

d. self-esteem

77. By the end of toddlerhood, children who have been allowed to experience autonomy should______.

a. be hyperactive

b. have a strong foundation of self-confidence

c. have strong fears associated with behaving independently

d. be unusually capable in being able to delay gratification

78. A general motivation that accounts for children’s efforts to increase their competence through persistent investigation and skillful problem solving is called _______.

a. emotional control

b. assertiveness

c. affiliation

d. mastery

79. Which of the following statements is most characteristic of the early part of toddlerhood?

a. I can beat you.

b. I will keep at it until I get it done.

c. I feel great about doing it well.

d. No, no, no!

80. Which of the following is the psychosocial crisis of toddlerhood?

a. imitation versus inferiority

b. initiative versus guilt

c. autonomy versus shame and doubt

d. peer group membership versus despair

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