Question 1. Which of the following is an example of organizations as units of analysis?

1. Which of the following is an example of organizations as units of analysis?

2. Construct validity refers to generalizing from what we observe and measure to the real-world things in which we are interested.

3. Joseph Maxwell identified “how credible and believable it is” as one criterion for assessing an idiographic explanation.

4. Which of the following is accurate with respect to time dimensions?

5. According to the text book, because time order is a requirement for causal inferences, the time dimension of research requires

6. Regarding nomothetic explanation, which of the following specific criteria for causality do researchers consider?

7. After careful study of the relationship between the economy and arson, the conclusion was drawn that when the economy is poor and unemployment is high the arson rates go up. The researcher concluded that unemployed people are more likely to commit arson than are those that are employed. What error was just committed?

8. In a general sense, external validity is concerned with whether research findings from one study can be

9. A survey distributed on a college campus discovered that males support the death penalty in greater numbers than do females. The units of analysis in this case would be

10. Observations of shoplifters in Pueblo, Colorado characterized as “72 percent men and 28 percent women, with an average age of 15.4 years” constitutes which type of analysis?

11. A study of the commentary made about the Patriot Act in 50 major newspapers’ editorials found that newspapers in the northeast gave more attention to the subject than did papers in any other part of the country. What is the unit of analysis being used?

12. The well-known Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment, discussed in Chapter 1, provides another example of

13. Which of the following is not a type of longitudinal study?

14. Which of the following would allow a researcher to measure change in a general population over time?

15. Manipulation of the collected data in order to draw conclusions refers to

16. Which of the following is correct?

17. All but which of the following would be a unit of analysis?

a.

18. Which of the following —refers to the danger of making assertions about individuals as the unit of analysis based on the examination of groups or other aggregations?

19. Marvin Wolfgang’s study of males born in Philadelphia in 1945 was an attempt to measure delinquency by following those males from their 10th birthday until they were 18. This is an example of what type of study?

20. Causally related can also be expressed as

21. Professor Hardy has spent the last decade conducting a study of the effects of early childhood “Wellness” programs on subsequent delinquency. Every year, researchers visit participating families and collect a variety of data. Over the course of 10 years, many families have moved away and the research staff has been unable to locate them. What problem has Professor Hardy encountered?

22. The idea that two variables must vary together (i.e. must be empirically correlated)—is a nomothetic criterion of causality.

23. Which of the following is not true concerning a cohort study?

zcohort members are studied as individuals as well as their group affiliation

24. Nonsystematic bias would be found in what type of validity problem?

25. Which of the following are social artifacts?

26. Despite a record number of cars being stolen in Newark, NJ in 2000, Newark’s auto theft rate was really lower than that of Miami, Denver and Chicago. The unit of analysis used in this example is?

27. In the following research conclusion, what units of analysis are being used? “An enormous variation of deviant activities was represented in a sample of 1,485 news items. We categorized these deviant activities into five general types of analysis: violence, economic, political, ideological/cultural and diversionary.”

28. Retrospective studies have the danger of faulty memories or even subjects lying.

29. Rather than try to exclude or otherwise control possible outside influences, scientific realism studies how such influences are involved in

a.

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