Question ____ 109. Simply repeating a message causes it to be perceived as

____ 109. Simply repeating a message causes it to be perceived as more true. This finding is known as the
a. validity effect
b. contrast effect
c. exposure effect
d. reiteration effect

____ 110. Travis saw a television advertisement in which a new long-distance telephone service provider showed a vignette of pleasant family scenes while some relaxing music played in the background. Later, when Travis is asked about this particular long-distance service provider, he has a positive attitude toward their service, even though he actually uses a different long-distance service. Travis’s attitude appears to have developed through the process of
a. cognitive dissonance
b. classical conditioning
c. observational learning
d. operant conditioning

____ 111. Scott spent a great deal of time and money on becoming a member of a certain club, yet later discovered that the members of the club were boring. According to dissonance theory, Scott would MOST likely
a. continue to extol the virtues of the club to his friends
b. now “bad mouth” the club to his friends
c. engage in denial and disengagement as part of his defensive attribution
d. try to modify the behavior of the current club members

____ 112. Judd notices that every time he is in a bookstore he spends more time browsing through the new books in the non-fiction section than looking at the latest novels and best sellers. Consequently, Judd decides he must really prefer non-fiction books. In this example, Judd has formed his attitude in the manner suggested by
a. cognitive dissonance theory
b. observational learning theory
c. the fundamental attribution error
d. self-perception theory

____ 113. Julio had planned to buy a national brand computer when one of his friends suggested that he look into the computers available through a local “no-name” outlet store. Julio carefully reviewed the relevant reports about the various computer components as well as the statistics on service reliability, and decided his friend was correct. Julio bought his computer from the local “no-name” outlet store. In this case, Julio reached his decision using
a. the central route to persuasion
b. the peripheral route to persuasion
c. the cognitive dissonance model of persuasion
d. a self-serving route to persuasion

____ 114. In Asch’s studies, __________ were found to be the key determinants of conformity.
a. group size and the subjects’ intelligence
b. the group leader’s personality and group unanimity
c. task difficulty and group size
d. group size and group unanimity

____ 115. In Milgram’s (1963) study, what percentage of the subjects fully obeyed the experimenter?
a. 5 percent
b. 35 percent
c. 65 percent
d. 95 percent

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