30 May reserch pro.revision-03
The rise of nationalism
Introduction
The rise of nationalism poses a threat to globalization and the set of values that the international community has sought to develop in the past. The election of President Donald Trump and Brexit threatened the neoliberal agenda that has promoted free enterprise and globalization. Understanding the rise of nationalism provides an effective instrument for identifying effective intervention measures.
Research Question
· What has caused the resurgence of nationalism?
Hypothesis Comment by angela parham: You do not need to highlight any portion of you paper. It makes it hard to read.
The investigation of the prevalence of nationalism in the United States and its effect will contribute towards an understanding of the causes that have contributed towards its resurgence. In addition, it will form the basis for the development of an effective intervention measure, which can be used to resolve the challenges facing the people who have embraced exclusive patriotism. The research will provide an opportunity to empathize with the anxiety and fear that is at the core of the hypothesis. The increased awareness of nationalism and its causes in the society will enhance the ability of stakeholders to replace it with inclusive patriotism. Comment by angela parham: Your hypothesis should be something that you can actually test, what’s called a testable hypothesis. In other words, you need to be able to measure both “what you do” and “what will happen.” Most of the time a hypothesis is written like this: “If _____[I do this] _____, then _____[this]_____ will happen.” Your hypothesis should always explain what you expect to happen during the course of your research.FOR EXAMPLE: If a developed nation participates in globalization, then that country provides humanitarian aid to other nations in times of crisis.
Literature Review
The resurgence of nationalism in the modern society has disrupted the state of geopolitics in the international community. The failure of globalization to create inclusive prosperity has resulted in increased resistance against immigration and open borders. The causes of nationalism have remained the same over the years with its roots being centered in economic and social-cultural factors (Nairn, 1997). The success of politicians who have targeted the disaffection of the public with the global economic system has been the indicator of the resurgence of nationalism (Helleiner & Pickel, 2005). However, it is evident that the rise of nationalism could be exaggerated by the election of President Donald Trump, Brexit and the modest gains of nationalist parties across Europe.
The basis for exclusive patriotism, which is at the core of nationalism, can be linked to anxiety over the identity of an individual and the economy. In spite of the challenges that countries may face in the modern society, it is expected that an empathetic response to the environmental factors may result in a public engagement and resolution of the problem (Haidt, 2016). Consequently, the continued rise of nationalism is primarily a consequence of the poor leadership by both the political and business elite (Sauers, 2010). The push for isolation and protectionism acts as a tangible response to the anxieties, which face the people. However, the experience of the international community has been that exclusive nationalism has an adverse effect on all the parties involved.
The resurgence of nationalism requires greater interrogation to determine if the system has the requisite structures and systems to sustain a long-term opposition of globalization. However, the electoral success of nationalists over the years has demonstrated that the belief in exclusive patriotism may persist without yielding significant changes in the governance system in individual countries and the international community (Serwer, 2017). Consequently, the international community needs to embrace a different and more inclusive approach in combating the latest wave of nationalism.
The existing literature review has failed to highlight the intersection of social-cultural, economic and political factors in the determination of the challenges facing the people. The gap in the existing literature requires an evaluation of the integration of multiple factors that have a consequential impact on the attitudes of people towards trade and security threats and immigration. Furthermore, more studies are required to demonstrate the impact of racism and the lack of empathy in the resolution of the key drivers that have enabled the resurgence of nationalism in the modern society. Comment by angela parham: This is not a complete Literature Review. The literature review surveys publications (books, journals and sometimes conference papers) on work that has already been done on the topic of your research paper. It should only include studies that have direct relevance to your research.
Data collection
Qualitative research will be used in this study due to the need to synthesize existing literature on the subject and the perspectives of stakeholders in the society. The exploratory research approach will enable the researcher to find effective answers for the research questions (Jamshed, 2014). In particular, it will highlight the underlying reasons, motivations and causes of the rise in the nationalist movement in the modern society. Qualitative research is used to identify trends in thought and phenomena (Jamshed, 2014). Survey research and focus groups will be used to collect data on the subject. The survey research will include both semi-structured and structured questions that will be administered online. Purposive sampling will be used to ensure that the participants are drawn from different social groups. In addition, focus groups will be used to have an in-depth discussion with different stakeholders on the rise of nationalism. The data that will be collected will be analyzed in conjunction with the existing literature (Jamshed, 2014). The approach will enable the researcher to contextualize the insights that will be drawn from the data collection process. Comment by angela parham: Are you also using books, articles, etc…..?
Theories of governance
The evaluation of governance requires a consideration of two leading narratives on the subject. The first narrative is neoliberal and involves a consideration of the role of choice in the decision-making processes of an individual. The other approach involves a consideration of networks associated with institutionalism (Ansell & Torfing, 2016). The decentered theory of governance seeks to address the weaknesses of the two narratives because of the positivism recognition of the inability of persons to make informed rational choices. The agency theory postulates that the goals of an agent may be different from those of the principal. As a result, it is evident that elected leaders may have other incentives to pursue policy outcomes that are inconsistent with the needs of their electorate. For instance, the influence of donors and lobbyists has resulted in a division between the electorate and their elected leaders. Stewardship theories argue that leaders serve as agents of the principal. In addition, it holds that both the principal and the agent have shared goals. Resource-Dependence theories argue that leaders have the responsibility to allocate the limited resources that are provided by agents to enhance the ability of the group to achieve shared outcomes. The theories highlight the role of elected leaders in the governance of a modern society. However, they also recognize the factors that determine the performance of the elected leaders. For instance, it is evident that the resources available to the country and the interests of individual leaders have a consequential impact on their ability to represent the needs of their people. The international “relations” theory captures the increased integration in the modern age (Ansell & Torfing, 2016). As a result, individual countries are increasingly required to implement policies that recognize respect for shared norms and goals among the international community.
Representative democracy versus other systems
In representative democracy, people exercise indirect control in the decision making process by identifying individuals who can represent them. The people vote in regular periodic elections to elect their leaders. Political leaders are expected to share their ideas with the people who determine the ones that they are most comfortable with (Urbinati, 2006). In a representative democracy, the politicians have to continually seek a renewal of their mandate from the voters. In contrast, in a republic the state holds a lot of control over each stage in the decision-making process. Dictatorships prohibit alternate political ideas and contests. As a result, the people are locked out from the decision-making process. In communism, politicians are expected to champion a set of values and ideas that serve to strengthen their country. In a monarchy, the political process is left to the King and his advisors who assist the King to make a wide range of choices.
Governance data
The government relies on large volumes of data the formulation of policies. The government utilizes census data to determine both the current and emerging needs of the population. The government relies on the data provided by the private sector to determine the economic performance of the country. In addition, the government uses official records such as immigration data and other records from its institutions to understand different phenomena in the country. It also uses data from international institutions such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, which have a lot of experience in the management of public data. They play an important role in ensuring that the government is able to make informed choices about the needs of its population. The political leaders rely on public opinion to measure the feelings of a majority of the population on relevant issues. Consequently, the policies that are implemented in a country are a function of both the needs of the society as highlighted by public data, public opinion and the aspirations of key stakeholders in the society.
Actors and processes in policymaking
Different countries across the world are facing a wide range of challenges that require effective policy responses. The challenges may have social, economic and environmental effects on the society. Policy is one of the tools that are used by governments at different levels to address the challenges that people may be facing. Policy is a purposive set of actions that are intended to achieve a desirable outcome in a target population (Anderson, 1979). It is chosen from the available alternatives in response to the set of challenges that the people are facing.
Public policy comprises of a series of interconnected smaller processes. It involves formulation, implementation and evaluation to determine its effects on the society. Policy actors can be categorized into two key players; official and non-official ones (Ikelegbe, 2006). Unofficial policy makers do not have to hold political positions. Instead, they enjoy a lot of influence over the actors who are directly involved in the public policy formulation process. For instance, donors and interest groups can influence the positions that politicians hold on key policy positions because of the influence that they have (Tantivees & Walt, 2008). In contrast, official policy makers possess the legal authority to formulate the policies.
Official policy makers can be further subdivided into primary policy makers and supplementary policy makers (Poopola, 2016). Primary policy makers have the constitutional authority to engage in the policy making process. They have a responsibility of formulating policies such as Congress. Supplementary policy makers receive their authority to enact policies from the primary policy makers (Poopola, 2016). They include agencies and institutions such as the Environmental Protection Authority that have the authority to design policies in their sectors.
The executive plays a crucial and integral role in the public policy formulation process. The term ‘executive centered era’ is used to refer to the influence and leadership of the Executive in the public policy formulation process. The Executive determines the rules and laws that are implemented in the country. The priorities of the Executive determine the policies that are implemented. The increasing power of the Executive in the modern age requires that all policies that are implemented should reflect the will and spirit of the head of state and government.
The Legislative is used in the deliberation of policies to ensure that they reflect the will of the people. The Judiciary plays an important role in the interpretation of laws to determine if they are consistent with the national constitution and international human rights. Administrators are tasked with the implementation of policies. They ensure that the enacted policies are implemented within their jurisdiction.Unofficial policy makers include individual citizens whose participation is integral in ensuring that the process yields desirable outcomes and meets constitutional provisions. In addition, public parties hold values and ideologies that determine their position on proposed policies. Interest groups have an important role in ensuring that the proposed policies address the concerns of the stakeholders who will be affected by them.
Policy implementation outcomes
The implementation of policies may have a wide range of immediate and long-term effects on the target population. For instance, the free trade agreements that were championed in the 1990s and early 2000s led to increased competition. It also created an enabling framework for companies to outsource their labor to countries with the cheapest labor while protecting professionals. The result led to increased disenfranchisement among the people because it undermined the ability of blue collar employees to have sustainable growth. The rise of nationalism has been fueled by concerns over the negative effects of free trade agreements on the welfare of the people. Public policy may have many non-intended effects in both the short-term and long-term (Koduah, van & Agyepong, 2015). Consequently, the participation of all stakeholders in the policy making process is critical in ensuring at their interests are addressed. Furthermore, it is imperative for policies to be changed to respond to changing circumstances in the society. Policies in a country can be changed as the outcomes are felt to address emerging issues
Conclusion
To sum up, the rise of nationalism can be linked to the failure of the neoliberal movement in ensuring there is inclusive growth. The movement is motivated by economic concerns over the welfare of the natives in a country. The failure of past policies in creating shared prosperity is responsible for the rise of nationalism. Consequently, understanding the rise of nationalism and the most effective containment measures will be essential in protecting the globalization movement.
References
Haidt, J. (2016). When and Why Nationalism Beats Globalism. The American Interest. 12(1):1.
Helleiner, E., & Pickel, A. (2005). Economic nationalism in a globalizing world. Ithaca [u.a.: Cornell Univ. Press.
Nairn, T. (1997). Faces of nationalism: Janus revisited. London: Verso.
Sauers, R. A. (2010). Nationalism. New York: Infobase Pub.
Serwer, A. (2017). The Nationalist’s Deliusion. Retrieved from
https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/11/the-nationalists-delusion/546356/
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