How can Salmonella use a host cell’s actin to enhance

10 Jun How can Salmonella use a host cell’s actin to enhance

Question
1. How can Salmonella use a host cell’s actin to enhance it’s pathogenicity?

2. How do Listeria move from one cell to the next (neighboring) cell?

3. Eukaryotic ribosomes are

A. 80 S

B. 70 S

C. 20 S

D. none of the above

4. True/False: All Eukaryotic ribosomes are free-floating in the cytoplasm.

5. True/False: The nuclear region in a eukaryotic cell is surrounded by a nuclear envelope

6. Which organelle is attached to the nucleus?

A. Smooth ER

B. Rough ER

C. Golgi apparatus

D. Lysosome

7. What are some differences between the smooth ER and the rough ER?

8. What structures are associated with (attached to) the Rough ER?

9. Which of the following organelles is most important in providing energy to a eukaryotic cell?

A. mitochondria

B. centrosome

C. nucleus

D. Golgi apparatus

ATP synthesis occurs at the
A. Inner mitochondrial membrane

B. Outer mitochondrial membrane

11. True/False: All eukaryotes contain chloroplasts.

Which organelle contains many digestive enzymes?
A. Mitochondria

B. Lysosome

C. Chloroplast

D. Endoplasmic Reticulum

13. What is the Endosymbiotic theory?

14. Which organelles help to support the Endosymbiotic theory?

A. mitochondria

B. chloroplast

C. Both A and B

D. None of the above

15. Which of the following obtains energy from inorganic/organic compounds?:

A. Chemotroph

B. Photoroph

Haploid organisms are considered:
A. N

B. 2N

True/False: Fungi are important in elemental cycling

In what ways are fungi economically important?

True/False: Fungal plasma membranes contain ergosterols.

20. Which of the following terms best describe fungi?

A. photoautotroph, unicellular, some aerobes, some obligate anaerobes

B. chemoautotroph, multicellular, facultative anaerobes

C. chemoheterotroph, some aerobes, some facultative anaerobes

D. photoautotroph, unicellular, parasitic

Give an example of fungi being used as biocontrol

22. Which of the following are associated w/ plant roots?

A. Mycorrhizae

B. Lichen

C. Endospores

D. Cysts

How do fungi benefit the plant roots that they are associated with?

Explain how leaf-cutting ants depend on fungi.

True/False: Fungi are fastidious and only grow in a few locations.

Branched, tubular filaments without crosswalls found in fungi are
A. septate hyphae

B. thallus hyphae

C. coenocytic hyphae

D. dimorphic mycelia

Which of the following is involved in reproduction?
A. Vegetative mycelium

B. Aerial mycelium

True/False: Molds only reproduce via asexual reproductive spores.

Fragmentation is what type of reproduction?
A. Sexual

B. Asexual

How do fission yeasts divide?
A. Asymmetrically

B. Symmetrically

How are pseudohyphae different from true hyphae?

Give an example of a fungus that produces pseudohyphae

What is Cryphonectria parasitica “blamed for”?

Which type of mycoses is contagious?
A. Systemic

B. Subcutaneous

C. Cutaneous

D. none of the above

What is the causative agent of Cryptococcus meningoencephalitis?
A. Fungi

B. Protozoa

C. Algae

D. Bacteria

Which is more virulent (dangerous, more likely to cause an infection)?
A. Cryptococcus neoformans

B. Cryptococcus gattii

Where is Cryptococcus found?

How is Cryptococcus transmitted?

Where does Cryptococcus initiate its infection?
A. Skin

B. Lungs

C. Gastrointestinal tract

D. Nervous system

True/False: There is a vaccine for Cryptococcus

Where do most cases of Coccidiomycosis occur in the US?

What type of microbe is Coccidoides immitis?
A. Fungi

B. Protozoa

C. Algae

D. Bacteria

How is Coccidiomycosis transmitted?

What is the causative agent of Pneumocystis pneumonia?

Which population(s) is/are most susceptible to Pneumocystis pneumonia?

Exserohilum rostratum is a fungus that is commonly found in soil. It is rarely pathogenic. What led to the fungal meningitis outbreak of E. rostratum?

What type of fungal infection is sporotrichosis? Is it contagious?

Trichophyton, Epidermophyton, and Microsporumoftencause
A. systemic mycoses

B. cutaneous mycoses

C. subcutaneous mycoses

D. none of the above

Why are fungal infections often treated before identifiable cultures are cultured?

Why are azole drugs effective as an antifungal treatment?
A. the drugs inhibit synthesis of peptidoglycan

B. the drugs inhibit ergosterol synthesis

C. the drugs inhibit protein synthesis

D. they are not effective as an antifungal treatment

Why are many dimorphic fungi pathogenic?

How is Histoplasmosis transmitted?

True/False: Candida albicans is often a part of the normal microbiota in many hosts.

What does a candida infection of the lungs generally indicate?

Which of the following statements about fungi is false?
A. Fungi may cause disease when growing in or on the human body

B. Some fungi produce toxins that can kill humans.

C. Fungal spores may cause allergic responses in humans

D. Systemic mycoses are common in otherwise healthy adults.

Why are so many antifungal drugs toxic to humans?

All protozoa are
A. unicellular prokaryotes

B. unicellular eukaryotes

C. multicellular prokaryotes

D. multicellular eukaryotes

True/False: Protozoa are photoautotrophs

Which of the following is the term for the vegetative form of protozoa?
A. cyst

B. endospore

C. trophozoite

D. schizogony

Why are cysts produced?

True/False: Schizogony is a type of sexual reproduction

True/False: Trichomoniasis is caused by protozoa that are able to form cysts.

How is Trichomonas vaginalis transmitted?

How is Giardia lamblia transmitted?

What are some symptoms of Giardiasis?

Which organism survives the low pH in the stomach by producing cysts and subsequently causes intestinal distress?
A. Staphylococcus aureus

B. Giardia lamblia

C. Trichomonas vaginalis

D. Plasmodium vivax

True/False: Giardia lamblia has a high infective dose

Which of the following is transmitted by the fecal-oral cycle?
A. Giardia lamblia

B. Cryptosporidiosis

C. Entamoeba histolytica

D. All of the above

What is the causative agent of Cryptosporidiosis?

True/False: Chlorination is an effective treatment for Cryptosporidium

What disease does Trypanosoma brucei cause?

How is Trypanosoma brucei transmitted?

There are two distinct subspecies of Trypanosoma brucei. What are the main differences between them?

Why was an effective treatment for Trypanosoma brucei unavailable for a length of time?

What disease does Plasmodium cause?
A. Giardiasis

B. Trichomoniasis

C. Malaria

D. Histoplasmosis

What is the vector that carries Plasmodium from one host to the next?

What is the Intermediate Host for Plasmodium?

In which disease does schizogony of the infecting protozoa occur in the human host?
A. Giardiasis

B. Malaria

C. Candidiasis

D. none of the above

What two cells do Plasmodium infect in the human host?

When do symptoms arise during a Plasmodium infection?

What are some emerging problems with Plasmodial infection treatments?

Why do many anti-protozoal drugs have side effects?

Which of the following regarding algae is FALSE
A. All algae are unicellular

B. Algae contain pigment molecules

C. Most algae are aquatic

D. Most algae have cellulose in their cell walls

Algae are:
A. Photoautotrophs

B. Photoheterotrophs

C. Chemoautotrophs

D. Chemoheterotrophs

True/False: The location of algal growth corresponds with the wavelength of light absorbed during photosynthesis.

Which component of lichen fixes carbon dioxide to provide sugar for the organism?
A. Fungi

B. Algae

True/False: Algae reproduce through asexual reproduction only

Agar is isolated from which type of algae?

True/False: Algae can only grow in warm environments

True/False: Most algae are pathogenic.

A microbe in which group can produce domoic acid?
A. Dinoflagellates

B. Diatoms

C. Green algae

D. Red algae

Which microorganisms include species associated with red tides?
A. Diatoms

B. Dinoflagellates

C. Water molds

D. Amoeba

Neurotoxins that cause paralytic shellfish poisoning are produced by:
A. Dinoflagellates

B. Giardia lamblia

C. Proteobacteria

D. Diatoms

True/False: CFP is generally a self-limiting disease.

True/False: Cooking shellfish and/or fish can destroy the toxins that cause both PSP and CFP

Critical Thinking:

1. Why do algae have a greater variety of photosynthetic pigments than land plants?

2. A 63-year-old international telecommunications executive visits your office with complaints of a high fever. The fever is not constant, but intermittent. When you press him for details he estimates that every three days or so he suffers these debilitating “sweats”. He usually has headaches and muscle aches during the episodes. They keep him home from work. After half a day or so, he feels better. He reports that he has experienced these episodes for about two months.

What is the name of the condition you suspect? What is the causative organism? Is this pathogen eukaryotic or prokaryotic? What should be your first question about the patient’s history?

What are the two main places in the human body that are exploited by the causative organism in this disease? Can this individual transmit this infection to others? Why or why not? How should this patient be treated (general treatment procedures/explain)?

3. The Alaska Department of Public Health was notified that foodborne illness had occurred in fishermen aboard a fishing boat off the Alaska peninsula. The fishermen had eaten steamed clams and mussels, boiled rice, boiled potatoes, and green salad. No alcohol was consumed. Symptoms experienced by the fishermen included numbness of the lips, tingling of the extremities, uncoordinated movements, incoherent speech, and nausea. Identify the etiologic (causative) agent of this outbreak of food poisoning. How did the food get contaminated, and what item was contaminated? What is the treatment, if any? How could this illness have been prevented?

4. A crew of five workers began a partial demolition of an abandoned city hall building in a Kentucky community. Three weeks later, all five required treatment for acute respiratory illness, and three were hospitalized. Cells obtained from the patients by lung biopsy revealed oval bodies. When the construction site was inspected, epidemiologists found an accumulation of bat droppings, and neighbors said they had seen bats in the area in recent weeks. What disease is this? What is the causative agent (pathogen)? What, specifically, was seen in the lung biopsy? Is this a very virulent (dangerous) pathogen? What is the treatment?

5. One summer, a group of tourists became ill after they all stayed at the same hotel in Greece. Epidemiologists conducted surveys among all the people who had stayed at that hotel during the two-and-a-half-week period in which people were reporting their illnesses. They did this in an attempt to determine the cause of the symptoms, which were primarily diarrhea and nausea. They surveyed 239 people; 224 of them reported having been ill while they were still on vacation or shortly after their return. Their diarrheal symptoms lasted 10-15 days. Seventy of the 224 people who reported illness were classified as having definite cases of gastrointestinal disease. A case was called “definite” when a pathogen could actually be recovered from their stool. Of these, the vast majority tested positive for one particular microorganism. Microscopic analysis of the stool samples revealed the presence of small oval-shaped structures, with defined outer walls and two to four nuclei inside. What is your diagnosis (what is the disease)? What is the pathogen? What specific structures were seen in the stool? Epidemiologist interviewed the patients about their vacation activities and food intake to try to identify the environmental source of the infection. Only two types of food available in the dining room seemed to be associated with the illness: raw vegetables and salads. There was also a statistically significant relationship between illness and having consumed orange juice made from a mix (with hotel water). So what was the likely source? What is the treatment for this disease?

6. A 23 year-old sexually active female was diagnosed w/ Trichomoniasis. What is the causative agent? Her partner does not have any symptoms. Should he be tested? Both individuals were invited to a pool party later that day- should they avoid swimming in the pool and using the hot tub? Why is it significant that Trichomonas does not have a cyst stage? What is the treatment?

7. In general, what type of infection (in humans) is easier to treat? Bacterial infection? Viral infection? Eukaryotic infection? Why?