BIO 101 FINAL EXAMINATION – Which statement about evolution

11 Jun BIO 101 FINAL EXAMINATION – Which statement about evolution

Question
BIOLOGY 101Summer 2017

FINAL EXAMINATION

Total possible points: 100

I. Multiple choice questions. Please boldorunderline the correct answer (1point each=50 points)

1. Which statement about evolution is FALSE?

A. According to evolutionary theory, you are related to a bacterium, to a yeast cell, to a snake, and to an elephant. In fact, you are related to every species now alive on Earth, and to extinct species, such as dinosaurs as well.

B. Natural selection acts on genetic differences within a population to cause evolution

C. Natural selection is about slow but steady progress. Through it, populations constantly become better adapted. When this process ends for all populations, evolution will come to a stop.

D. Evolution occurs constantly, without end. There is no endpoint in evolution.

2. Suppose you conduct an experiment which simulates glacial recession over time. What is the dependent variable in this experiment?

A. Glacial mass

B. Sunlight

C. The season

D. Time

3. Macromolecules of living things on Earth are based on which element?

A. Carbon

B. Hydrogen

C. Nitrogen

D. Oxygen

E. Phosphorus

4. The effectiveness of a medication containing growth hormones is tested on a group of young male rabbits 3 weeks of age. The best control group would be:

A. Any group of rabbits

B. A group of male rabbits, three weeks old, not given the medication

C. A group of female rabbits, three weeks old, not given the medication

D. A mixed group of male/female rabbits, three weeks old, not given the medication

E. No control is required; just measure whether the rabbits grew

5. The temperature optimum for an enzyme is 37oC. What will most likely happen if you increase the temperature from 37oC to 50oC?

A. The enzyme activity will not be affected

B. The enzyme activity will increase

C. The enzyme activity will decrease

D. The pH will increase

E. A. and D. only

6. Which of the following structures can be found together in eukaryotic cells?

A. Cytoplasm and ribosomes

B. Cytoplasm and plasma membrane

C. DNA and ribosomes

D. Ribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum

E. Golgi bodies and DNA

7. Which of the following reactions or pathways is catabolic?

A. Converting glucose to carbon dioxide and water (cellular respiration)

B. Making starch from many glucose monomers

C. Photosynthesis, which builds glucose from carbon dioxide using energy from light

D. Making ATP from ADP and phosphate

8. One human disease is caused by a change in the DNA from GAA to GUA. This change is an example of:

A. Crossing-over

B. A meiosis error

C. A mitosis error

D. A mutation

9. During which part of the cell cycle is DNA polymerase most active?

A. Cytokinesis

B. G1 phase

C. G2 phase

D. S phase

E. M phase

10. One of the products of cellular respiration is ______________.

A. Water

B. Sucrose

C. Cellulose.

D. Oxygen

11. Which term does not belong in this list?

A. Acid

B. Vinegar

C. Hydrogen ion donor

D. pH 8

E. Lactic acid

12. An example of an organism at the second trophic level is

A. A fish tapeworm

B. A Redwood tree

C. A tiger

D. A cow

E. An eagle

13. Each of the following is a true statement about photosynthesis, except

A. The light reactions produce ATP from sunlight energy

B. The products of photosynthesis are used as reactants in cellular respiration

C. The products of cellular respiration are used as reactants in photosynthesis

D. Water is used during photosynthesis to capture the electrons released from excited chlorophyll pigments

E. The products of the light reactions of photosynthesis are used to produce sugars in the Calvin cycle

14. During the process of cellular respiration, which is the final acceptor for electrons at the end of the electron chain?

A. Oxygen

B. Carbon

C. Carbon dioxide

D. Hydrogen

E. Water

15. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used to

A. Analyze a person’s fingerprints

B. Allow restriction enzymes to cut DNA at specific sequences

C. Create recombinant DNA

D. Make many copies of a small amount of DNA

E. Cut DNA in to small pieces

16. A family tree that is used to follow human matings that have already occurred is a

A. Test cross

B. Karyotype

C. Sex-linked record

D. DNA Analysis record

E. Pedigree

17. What would happen to a eukaryotic cell, if too much osmotic pressure develops within a cell?

A. The cell would remain the same size, but the internal organelles would become

dehydrated

B. The cell would decrease in size, and could collapse.

C. The cell would increase in size, and could lyse.

D. Nothing, osmotic pressure does not impact the cell.

18. Which of the following statements is false?

A. Individuals with the same phenotype may have different genotypes.

B. Mating between individuals with dominant phenotypes cannot produce offspring with

recessive phenotypes.

C. Mating between individuals with recessive phenotypes usually does not produce

offspring withdominant phenotypes.

D. Individuals with the same genotype might have different phenotypes.

E. All of the above are correct

19. Which statement about the inheritance of blood types in humans is most likely to be correct?

A. Types A and O are codominant to type B

B. Types B and O are codominant to type A

C. Types A and B are codominant to O

D. Type O is dominant to both type Aand type B

E. Type A is dominant to B, O, and AB

20. Which of the following terms includes all of the chemical reactions that occur within a cell?

A. Cellular respiration

B. Catabolism

C. Redox reactions

D. Metabolism

E. Phosphorylation

21. Within a cell, energy released by electrons is often used to phosphorylate which of the following molecules?

A. ADP

B. ATP

C. Pyruvate ions

D. Oxygen

E. NAD

22. All of the following apply to glycolysis except

A. Occurs without oxygen

B. Degrades glucose to H2O and CO2

C. Ends with formation of pyruvic acid

D. Occurs during fermentation

23. Why is water so important in controlling the Earth’s climate?

A. Water vapor is one of the greenhouse gases that help trap heat.

B. The water in oceans and in lakes stores the energy radiated by the sun and releases it slowly.

C. Water may absorb and store a lot of energy by warming up by a few degrees only.

D. All of the above

E. B and C only

24. Consider a cell that underwent mitosis but not cytokinesis. The result would be

A. A cell with one nucleus containing twice the normal number of chromosomes

B. A cell with two nuclei

C. Daughter cells that are unusually small

D. Daughter cells with no nucleus

E. Daughter cells with too many chromosomes

25. The starting materials of photosynthesis are _____________

A. Oxygen and glucose

B. Carbon dioxide and oxygen

C. Carbon dioxide and water

D. Oxygen and water

E. Carbon and oxygen

26. What type of macro-molecule is frequently an enzyme?

A. Carbohydrate

B. Nucleic acid

C. Lipid

D. Protein

27. In a metabolic pathway, a typical control mechanism is to have ________

A. the final product inhibit the enzyme responsible for its on production

B. the final product inhibit an early step

C. a reactant inhibit a late step

D. a lack of reactant stimulate the pathway

28. The most important aspect of cellular respiration is that ___________________

A. It is the process that occurs only in animal cells

B. It is the process that utilizes fat as its primary energy source

C. It is the process that enables living organisms to utilize the energy stored in glucose

D. It is the only cellular process that yields ATP

29. The statement best describes the relationship between plants and animals on earth is

A. Plants produce O2 and sugars from CO2

B. Animals produce CO2 and H2O from sugars and O2

C. Plants produce O2 and sugars and animals produce CO2 and H2O

D. Animals produce O2 and sugars and plants produce CO2 and H2O

30. What is the function of the ribosome?

A. Digestion

B. RNA duplication

C. Mobility

D. Protein synthesis

31. What is the main biochemical function of the electron transport chain?

A. To break down glucose into pyruvic acids

B. To add phosphate groups to ADP

C. To move protons across the mitochondrial membranes

D. To force hydrogen ions through ATP synthase

E. All of the above

32. When celery is placed in a glass of pure water the solution inside its cells is _________ compared to the water.

A. hypertonic

B. hypotonic

C. isotonic

D. selectively permeable

E. ready for diffusion

33. A human gamete contains autosomes and

A. exactly the same genetic information as a somatic (body) cell

B. An X chromosome always

C. A Y chromosome always

D. Either an X or a Y chromosome

E. Both an X and a Y chromosome

34. Which of the following could not be a sequence of RNA?

A. GCGUUU

B. UAUGCG

C. ATGCGT

D. AUGCGU

E. AAACUG

35. The product of meiosis includes which of the following?

A. Haploid cells

B. Genetically unique cells

C. Four daughter cells

D. All of the above

E. A. and C. only

36. In pea seed, yellow (Y) is dominant to green (y) and smooth (S) is dominant to wrinkled (s). What are the possible genotypes for the offspring of the following cross: YySS and YYSs.

A. YYSS, YYss, yySS, yyss

B. YS, yS,YS, yS

C. Yy, SS, YY,S s

D. YYSS, YySS,YYSs,YySs

37. A man who carries a harmful sex-linked gene on his X chromosome, will pass the gene on to

A. All of his daughters

B. Half of his daughters

C. All of his sons

D. Half of its sons

E. All of his children

38. Which of the following variations could be subject to natural selection?

A. A dog with short legs due to malnutrition is able to crawl into holes better than his litter mates.

B. A tree is not infested by a ground-dwelling beetle when the homeowner cuts the lower branches.

C. A hyena is born with a spotted fur pattern that allows it to hide in the grass better than his litter mates.

D. A pigeon learns that’s when its keeper comes near, it will be fed.

E. All of these variations may be acted on by natural selection.

39. What do plants and animals have in common?

A. They are both heterotrophic

B. They are both autotrophic

C. They are both prokaryotic

D. They are both eukaryotic

E. They are both hydrophobic

40. An ecologist is studying all the animals, plants, fungi, protists and bacteria, as well as the interactions among and between them in a forest. He is studying the ____________ in the forest.

A. niche

B. biome

C. community

D. population

E. habitat

41. Microevolution is defined as:

A. Changes in population size

B. Changes in the frequency of alleles in the gene pool

C. Changes in the composition of the population

D. Emergence of new species

E. Changes in community size

42. A zorse is the offspring produced through interbreeding between a horse and a zebra. Zorses are often preferred for riding because of their physical shape, but they are sterile. According to Linnaean taxonomy, are zebras and horses classified in the same species?

A. Yes

B. No

C. Sometimes

D. Not enough information to determine

43. Red rose color is incompletely dominant over white rose color. If a red rose is crossed with a pink rose, what percentage of the offspring will be pink?

A. 100

B. 75

C. 50

D. 25

44. In what way is artificial selection different from natural selection?

A. There is no difference both have caused evolution throughout the history of life on Earth

B. Artificial selection applies to changes in domestic animals only, while natural selection applies to all other species.

C. In artificial selection, human preferences is the selective force; in natural selection, environmental conditions are the selecting force.

D. Artificial selection causes one species to change to another, while natural selection only modifies existing species.

E. Artificial selection is only temporary; once selection ends, the population reverts back to the original type.

F. B and C only

45. Themajority of climate scientists suggest that the current change in climate is caused predominantly by ________.

A. An enhancement of the greenhouse effect

B. A decreased reliance on fossil fuels for energy

C. A thinning of the ozone layer

D. A melting of the polar ice caps

E. An increase in solar radiation

46. Which of the following is not an expected effect of global climate change?

A. A rise in the sea levels

B. Flooding of coastal cities

C. Decrease in the size of glaciers and ice sheets

D. Increase in the size of glacier and ice sheets

E. More extreme weather

47. If a wolf eats a rodent which ate a small insect which ate a plant, the wolf would be a(n)

A. Autotroph

B. Primary producer

C. Primary consumer

D. Secondary consumer

E. Tertiary consumer

48. Bat wings are homologous to the front legs of cats. What does the term ‘homologous’ mean in this context

A. Both structures are used for the same purpose.

B. The common ancestor of cats and bats had limbs that functioned as wings.

C. Bat and cats have no common ancestors.

D. The common ancestor of bats and cats had limbs with a bone structure similar to that found in bat wings and cat forelimbs.

E. Bat wings are vestigial legs.

49. Inheritable mutations, which may allow a population to evolve, are produced

A. As a response to selection pressure

B. By chance

C. By natural selection

D. As a response to environmental pressure

E. By artificial selection

50. If you were to buy land to plant crops, which type of biome would you prefer?

A. Savannah

B. Prairie

C. Tropical forest

D. Chapparal

E. Temperate forest

II. Matching of definitions and terms. Please place the correct number in front of each definition. (1 point each = 10 points):

____ Characteristic of water which protects fish in a frozen lake

____ Carbon makes a good backbone for creating diverse molecules.

____ Structures found together in eukaryotic cells

____ It is a ‘metabolic taxicab’ which shuttles electrons.

____ Chlorophyll pigments in green leaves absorb certain colors of the visible light waves.

____ Protein synthesis follows a specific sequence of events.

____ Both codons CCC and CCU code for proline.

____ Corals harbor special guests in their bodies to feed them.

____ Some time ago, grazing livestock were introduced to the Savanna in Africa.

____ In some areas, Conifer trees are very abundant.

1. cytoplasm and plasma membrane

2. RNA?DNA?protein

3. cohesion

4. blue and red

5. increasedfood production in times of famine

6. temperate forests

7. redundancy of the genetic code

8. is good at forming ionic bonds

9. bacteria

10. DNA?RNA?protein

11. decreased density at low temperature

12. desertification

13. NADH

14. universality of the genetic code

15. forms for covalent bonds

16. ATP

17. boreal forests

18. green and blue

19. photosynthetic algae

20. ribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum

III. True-False questions. (1 point each = 5 points):

1. Evergreen trees in boreal forests evolved a thick, waxy coat on their thin, needle-shaped leaves as a special protection.

A. True

B. False

2. The best strategy for preserving biodiversity is to use genetic engineering to create new combinations of genes.

A. True

B. False

3. Burning fossil fuels can result in an increase in mercury levels.

A. True

B. False

4. Once an adaptive feature appears, it remains in all the descendant unless the species becomes extinct.

A. True

B. False

5. The average temperature of aregion depends on the cloud cover that exists.

A. True

B. False

IV. Fill-in statements. (1/2 point each=5points)

1. Scientific information called __________ collected from well-designed experiments should allow researchers to either accept or reject a null-hypothesis.

2. __________ are substances that cause damage to DNA which can lead to cancer.

3. Different versions of the same gene are called ___________ of that gene.

4. DNA evidence, fossil evidence, homology, and vestigial structures all provide evidence than humans and chimpanzees share a(n) _________________________________. (two words)

5. Evolution that occurs as a result of chance events is called ___________________________. (two words)

6. Both algae and plants have the ability to _________________________.

7. The concentration of chemical within higher levels of a food chain, or food web, is called ____________________.

8. ______________________ are specialized cells (ova and sperm) used for sexual reproduction.

9. The change in shape of an enzymes, due to excessive heat, is called ____________________.

10. Proteins in cells are assembled by structures called ____________________.

V. Brief essay questions:Please write a concise and succinct response to each one of the following questions; be sure to mark your answers with the correct essay number. I am looking for clarity and detail which reflects your knowledge of the subject. Always include appropriate examples, if warranted. (Total possible points=30)

1.Plants require water, carbon dioxide and sunlight to perform photosynthesis. Briefly describe and explain for which specific processes these items are needed. How will a plant react, if no water is available, and which specific processes would be interrupted and why? (5 possible points)

2.Describe the major land biome where you live. How have human activities changed the landscape, and how has this affected native species? Include specific examples. (5 possible points)

3.North America is currently experiencing an unprecedented and rapid loss of species. What is believed to be the main trigger of these events? What law was passed in 1973 to address this problem in the United States? What was the purpose of this law? Has it made a difference? Discuss and explain with specific species examples. (5 possible points)

4.Your local weather station alerts you to the fact that ‘acid rain’ is falling in your area. You are worried about the well-being of your garden in your backyard and decide to temporarily cover up as many plants as you can with plastic sheets. Then you explain to your neighbors what ‘acid rain’ is and how it negatively affects plants. You need to go into specific details s to what happens at the root and leaf levels. Your discussion should include ‘symbiotic relationships’.(5 possible points)

5.The Gulf Stream is part of what scientists call the ‘great conveyor belt’ that circulates water throughout the world’s oceans, influencing climate. There is now cause for concern that the increase in global warming is melting much ice, decreasing the oceans’ salinity that might stop the conveyor belt. Would this scenario change Europe’s climate? If so, how would that happen? How would different areas in Europe be affected? (5 possible points)

6. Before recombinant products were available, humans who needed hormones or other biological products such as insulin and growth hormones, had to use products that were harvested from other humans and non-human animals. Can you think of specific health risks that might be associated with products that were not made with genetically engineered bacteria? (5 possible points)