Which is one of the major electrolytes in the extracellular

11 Jun Which is one of the major electrolytes in the extracellular

Question
1. Which is one of the major electrolytes in the extracellular fluid
compartment? A) phosphate
B) calcium
C) chloride
D) magnesium
E) potassium

2. Which is FALSE about osmosis and electrolyte balance in the body? A) When potassium enters cells, then water follows it.
B) Water travels from high to low concentration of the solute.
C) If sodium leaves the inside of the cell, then water follows it.
D) Chloride ion is an osmotic particle.

3. What is a good estimation of the fluid needs (beverages and food water)
for Jillian who is not an athlete and lives in a moderate climate. Jillian
eats about 2000 Calories per day. A) 200 – 300 ml
B) 650 – 1200 ml
C) 900 – 1500 ml
D) 2000 – 3000 ml
E) 2500 – 4000 ml

4. The job of the kidney is to filter blood. Once the filtrate is in the tubules
of nephrons, what happens next? A) Depending on need, amino acids are reabsorbed back into the body.
B) Depending on need, sodium is reabsorbed back into the body.
C) Depending on need, potassium is reabsorbed back into the body.
D) Depending on need, iron is reabsorbed back into the body.
E) Both B and C are true.

5. When blood sodium concentration increases above normal, which
hormone responds and, as a result, does water reabsorption in the
kidney increase or decrease? A) aldosterone; increase
B) aldosterone; decrease.
C) anti-diuretic hormone (ADH); increase
D) anti-diuretic hormone (ADH); decrease

6. Erik is sweating a lot (ie. losing electrolytes) since it is 90 degrees and
90% humidity. Thus his blood volume is decreasing and … A) anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) is decreasing.
B) the kidney stops secreting renin.
C) aldosterone secretion is increased.
D) his blood pressure is increasing.
E) A and B are both true.

7. Why are some elders particularly at risk for dehydration? A) They do not sense thirst as greatly as younger adults.
B) They have lower total body water compared to younger individuals.
C) They reabsorb more water in the kidney due to activated ADH.
D) A and B are both true.
E) A, B, and C are all true.

8. Which statement(s) is (are) TRUE about Oral Rehydration Therapy
(ORT)? A) An ORT packet contains electrolytes only and no form of calories.
B) ORT packets of electrolytes have added sugar to drag water into the
body via an alternate transporter.
C) ORT’s fame was that it was the first successful rehydration drink
designed for athletes.
D) A and C are TRUE, but B is FALSE.

9. A bacon cheeseburger has 839 mg of sodium in it. On the food label,
the % DV for sodium in this cheesebuger is … A) 42%
B) 35%
C) 26%
D) 21%
E) 5%

10. Which statement(s) is(are) TRUE about sodium sensitivity? A) Sodium sensitivity means that a person can taste salt better than
one not sensitive to sodium.
B) A sodium sensitive person put on a low sodium diet will not have a
change in blood pressure.
C) Sodium sensitivity means that a person gets a rash with high salt
intake.
D) A sodium sensitive person put on a low sodium diet will respond with
a decrease in blood pressure.
E) Both B and C are both TRUE.

11. Which statement if FALSE about the DASH diet? A) Eat plenty of fruits to provides potassium to help lower blood
pressure.
B) Eat plenty of nuts since they are low in magnesium and magnesium
interferes with blood pressure.
C) Eat or drink plenty of low fat dairy since calcium help to regulate
blood pressure.
D) Be modest with processed meats and soups since they are high in
sodium and can elevate blood pressure.

12. If calcitonin is stimulated and secreted into the blood, then A) intestinal absorption of calcium is decreased.
B) vitamin D is activated.
C) kidney reabsorption of calcium is increased.
D) osteoclasts are stimulated to break down bone.

13. Which is TRUE about calcium absorption? A) Almost 100% of dietary calcium is absorbed by adults.
B) Only 10 % of dietary calcium is absorbed by adults.
C) Both vitamin D and calcitonin is needed for calcium absorption in the
intestine.
D) B and C are true, but not A.
E) None of the above are true.

14. Bone density … A) peaks at about 50 years of age for both men and women.
B) is usually higher in adult women than adult men.
C) decreases as estrogen decreases in postmenopausal women.
D) is stable at peak levels until about age 50 years.
E) A and B are both true.

15. Sally consumed one cup of milk and 1.5 ounces of cheese. Estimate
how much calcium she consumed. A) 75
B) 160
C) 200
D) 300
E) 600

16. What is the calcium RDA for young adults? A) 500 mg
B) 800 mg
C) 1000 mg
D) 1500 mg
E) 2500 mg

17. Which statement is FALSE about these major minerals? A) Milk is a rich source of potassium.
B) A lot of the body’s magnesium is found in bone.
C) Hair contains sulfur as part of some amino acids.
D) When you eat inorganic sulfur, enzymes in your body incorporate it
into methionine.

18. Non-heme iron is found in A) lima beans
B) broccoli
C) beef
D) A, B, and C are all true.

19. Nonheme iron absorption is reduced by A) meat B) vitamin C
C) MFP factor
D) vitamin A
E) phytates

20. Which is FALSE? If none are false, mark E. A) Phytates are found in legumes and whole grains.
B) Iron is a cofactor for an hydroxylase in collagen synthesis.
C) Vitamin C keep iron in a reduced form so it can be used as a cofactor
by hydroxylase.
D) Iron is a cofactor in the biosynthesis of some neurotransmitters.
E) None of the above are FALSE.

21. Iron crosses the first membrane of the intestinal cell. Then it A) is made into heme and crosses into the blood.
B) can be stored as part of ferritin.
C) is stored on metallothionein.
D) complexes with transferrin inside the cell for temporary storage.
E) Both A and B are both true.

22. Which is (are) TRUE about the blood transport of iron? A) Transferrin is a polysaccharide that transports iron in blood.
B) Transferrin is a protein that transports iron in blood.
C) Transferrin is found in liver and muscle to grab iron from blood. D) Iron is transported in the blood as a free cation.

23. Which two population groups are most at risk for iron deficiency anemia
in the United States? A) women and young children
B) women and elders over 65
C) elder men and those in poverty areas of the US.
D) pregnant women and athletes

24. A classic sign of zinc deficiency is A) anemia
B) growth retardation
C) goiter
D) mottled teeth

25. Which statement is (are) TRUE about zinc? A) Zinc is part of many metalloenzymes.
B) Metallothionein is the storage protein for zinc in the intestinal cell.
C) Zinc consumed in low amounts can cause iron toxicity.
D) Both A and B are true.
E) Both B and C are true.

26. Scientists warn that chronic high consumption of zinc could cause A) increased absorption of copper.
B) increased absorption of iron.
C) decreased absorption of iron.
D) decreased absorption of iodide.

27. Chromium is important in the following functions EXCEPT for A) maintain glucose levels.
B) enhancing insulin activity.
C) lipid metabolism.
D) amino acid metabolism.

28. Cretinism occurs A) in adult men when they over consume iodide.
B) in postmenopausal women with low bone density and low fluoride.
C) in babies when their pregnant moms ate too much iodide.
D) in babies when their pregnant moms ate too little iodide.

29. Fluoride acts A) to kill bacteria in the oral cavity.
B) to make a harder tooth crystal to reduce bacterial damage.
C) to increase the amount of hydroxylation of the hydroxyapatite crystal.
D) A and B are both true.
E) A, B, and C are all true.

30. From 2 weeks to 8 weeks post fertilization, the _______ initiates the
development of the placenta and amniotic sac. A) ovum
B) fetus
C) embryo
D) zygote

31. Vitamins designed for pregnant women do not contain preformed
vitamin A because A) carotenoids are toxic to the developing embryo and/or fetus.
B) retinoids are toxic to the developing embryo and/or fetus.
C) vitamin A is not required for the growth and development of the
embryo.
D) Both B and C are true.

32. Which is TRUE about neural tube defects? A) The most common form of neural tube defect is anencephaly.
B) They include genetic disorders of the liver and kidney.
C) Higher intakes of folic acid in early pregnancy have resulted in
decreased incidence of spina bifida in populations at risk. D) Spina bifida is caused by an incomplete closure of the spinal cord in
the vertebrae at weeks 14-16 of pregnancy.

33. Lillian has a BMI of 22 and just found out that she is pregnant. The
nurse practitioner tells her that a good weight range to gain in her
pregnancy is A) 11 to 20 pounds
B) 15 to 25 pounds
C) 25 to 35 pounds
D) at least 35 pounds
E) no more than 13 pounds

34. Tanya is 10% below a healthy weight for her height. Thus she A) is at a low risk for low birth weight newborns.
B) should gain less weight during the 9 months of pregnancy than
health weight women.
C) should gain more weight during the 9 months of pregnancy than
healthy weight women.
D) A and C are both true, but not B.

35. A low birth weight infant is defined as a baby A) of less than 5.5 pounds at birth.
B) of less than 6.6 pounds at birth.
C) born before 37 weeks gestation. D) A and C are both true.

36. Prevalence of low birth weight is lower in African Americans than in
Hispanics in the U.S. A) True
B) False

37. Iron is important during pregnancy because A) low iron status increases risk for low birth weight newborns.
B) iron recommendations are increased by 50% over pre-pregnancy
RDA.
C) of increased production of red blood cells.
D) B and C are all true.
E) A, B, and C are true.

38. Modest intakes of beverages with caffeine, ie. 1 cup of coffee per day, is
discouraged by health professionals because of its potential teratogenic
effects. A) True
B) False

39. Women should avoid unpasteurized milk and undercooked eggs and
meats because of potential bacterial contamination causing Listeriosis. A) True
B) False

40. Consuming a couple of glasses of wine in an evening has been shown to
be safe for pregnant women during their last trimester. A) True
B) False

41. Which statement(s) is(are) TRUE? A) Maternal alcohol can be transferred into breast milk.
B) Caffeine does not transfer into breast milk.
C) A lactating woman should not lose weight during lactation because
milk output may be compromised.
D) Both B and C are true.

42. David is 11 months old and tracked at the 85th percentile for both
height and weight until he was 8 months old. At 9 months his weight
came down to the 60th percentile and now at 11 months it is at about
the 40th percentile. David’s pediatrician is most likely to say that he A) is fine, he is just stabilizing his weight. B) needs to lose a bit more weight to decrease his risk for overweight in
childhood.
C) needs to be examined for possible health complications or feeding
issues.

43. Colostrum is A) a type of formula now available in the U.S. which is fortified with
omega-3 fatty acids.
B) the mature milk secreted from the breast after about 3 weeks of
lactation.
C) the first milk secreted by lactating women.
D) low in immune factors.
E) C and D are both true.

44. Billie is 2 months old. Why should he never be fed cow’s milk, ie. what
we buy in the grocery store? A) Infants cannot tolerate the high protein in cow’s milk.
B) Infants cannot tolerate the high content of calcium and phosphorus
in cow’s milk.
C) Infants cannot tolerate the high fat content in cow’s milk.
D) A and B are both true, but not C.
E) A, B, and C are all true.

45. Slow weight loss by women while breast feeding does not compromise
quantity or quality of the breast milk. A) True
B) False

46. Which statement is TRUE? A) Both breast milk and infant formula contain adequate amounts of
vitamin D.
B) On average, breast fed infants grow at a higher rate than formula fed
infants.
C) Only breast milk contains immune factors, while infant formula does
not.
D) None of the above are true.

47. Infants should be exclusively breast fed until A) 3-4 months of age
B) 4-6 months of age
C) 7-8 months of age
D) 9-12 months of age

48. It is recommended that young children limit their milk consumption to
2-3 cups per day. The reason for this limitation is because… A) milk is too rich in fat and young children need low fat diets.
B) milk is too rich in protein and will cause them to grow too fast.
C) milk displaces other nutrient-dense foods and can lead to "milk
anemia." D) milk causes GI tract distress for most children when consumed in
greater quantities.

49. When is it recommended that infants switch from breast milk or formula
to consuming some form of cow’s milk? A) At 4 months of age.
B) At 6 months of age.
C) At 12 months of age.
D) At 18 months of age.
E) At 2 years of age.

50. The Division of Responsibility is promoted by most experts in child
nutrition. This recommendation means that parents are responsible for
what and when to feed children and children are responsible for A) how much to eat.
B) whether to eat.
C) cleaning their plates.
D) eating all their vegetables.
E) A and B are both true.