11 Jun First of all, a muscle is made up of hundreds
Question
First of all, a muscle is made up of hundreds to thousands of muscle cells (called ________________) organized into bundles called __________________. Skeletal muscle cells are long and thin so they are usually referred to as muscle ___________. Each muscle cell contains a large number of rod-like structures called ___________________; each rod-like structure is made up of ___________________ which are thin proteins called _____________ and thick proteins called ________________. The functional contractile unit of a muscle fiber is called a __________________.
[Place these muscle terms in the correct order, from largest structure to smallest: myofibril; myofilament; fiber; fascicle; sarcomere]
The axon terminal of a motor neuron “connects” with the muscle fiber at a place called the ______________________ ________________. (In general, a motor neuron and the muscle fibers under its control are called a ______________ ___________.)
At rest, there is a difference in the charge on the inside of a muscle cell vs. the outside, called a ________________ _______________ ________________. Specifically, the inside of the cell has a _______________ charge just inside the cell membrane, with a higher concentration of ______ ions inside the cell; the outside of the cell has a _______________ charge, with a higher concentration of ______ ions.
The process of muscle contraction is initiated by a ______________ impulse. The impulse travels down the neuron axon and opens ______________-gated ________________ channels in the axon terminal. This allows __________________ to flow into the axon terminal from the extracellular fluid. This chemical interacts with vesicle proteins in the axon terminal to move _________________ vesicles to the axon’s pre-synaptic membrane, where ____________________ occurs to release chemicals called _________________________ into the _________________ cleft. (Specifically, the chemical released in skeletal muscle tissue is called ___________________________; it is quickly destroyed by an enzyme called __________________________ that is found on the sarcolemma and in the synapse.) These chemicals diffuse to the ________ ____-_______, bind to special receptors, and open _________________ -gated channels, allowing _________ to enter the muscle cell. This causes a change in the charge inside the ________ ____-_________ called an ____-________ ___________ (the inside of the cell becomes less _____________). This is a local _________________ of the _______ ____-__________. Multiple ____-_________ _____________ add together and cause nearby voltage-gated ______ channels to open, which allows more of that ion to enter the cell, and results in a muscle _____________ _________________ which ___________ along the sarcolemma. It then spreads down the ___________- tubules, and where these tubules contact the _____________ ________________of the ___________________ reticulum; it causes ________________ to be released from special storage sacs scattered through the reticulum.
The mineral released by the storage sacs then attaches itself to the small, round muscle protein that is associated with actin called __________________, causing it to change shape and shift the position of the nearby fibrous protein called ___________________; this shifting exposes binding sites on ______. The energy-carrying molecule __________ has already combined with the thicker muscle protein myofilament, which is called _____________, and was hydrolyzed to ____ AND ___ to activate this protein’s cross bridges (heads). As _____and ____ are released, these activated cross bridges (heads) bind to the exposed binding sites of the thinner muscle protein myofilament called _____________, and the cross bridges pivot, causing the proteins to slide past each other and toward the M-line. The binding of another __________ molecule to the cross bridges causes them to release _______________, and its hydrolysis by __________________ restores the cross bridges to their original cocked position.
If more ______________ and _________ are available, the process will repeat many times, so there is continual pulling of the thicker protein filament past the thinner one. This sliding of one muscle protein filament past the other causes the muscle ____________ to shorten and thicken, which can result in a contraction.
Muscle contraction will stop when the _____________ impulse stops, or when the supply of ________________ or energy (_______) is exhausted.
The energy can be supplied to muscle cells through two major processes of cellular respiration. One method does not require oxygen — it is called ______________________ or ____________________, and it can supply energy to a muscle cell very quickly but it is not very efficient (_____ ATP’s are produced per glucose molecule) so only limited amounts of energy can be produced this way. Muscle cells that primarily use this method of energy production are called ___________-twitch fibers. The other method of energy production requires oxygen — it is called ________________ OR __________________, and it takes longer to supply energy to a muscle cell but it yields much more energy. Muscle cells that primarily use this method of energy production are called ___________-twitch fibers. The chemical equation which summaries the events of the cellular respiration process which uses oxygen is:
_______________________________________________________________________
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