Biology Anatomy & Physiology – Describe olfactory neurons

11 Jun Biology Anatomy & Physiology – Describe olfactory neurons

Question
New Material Study Guide Chapter 15:

Biology: Anatomy & Physiology

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OLFACTION (SMELL):

·Describe olfactory neurons, and explain how airborne molecules cause action potentials in olfactory nerves.

·Trace the pathway of the action potentials to the olfactory area of the cerebral cortex.

TASTE:

·Identify the types of papillae and describe the structure and function of a generic taste bud.

·Trace the pathway of the action potentials to the taste area of the cerebral cortex.

THE EYE: VISUAL SYSTEM:

·Identify the structures of the eye & their respective functions.

·Explain the differences between the rods and cones and their role in vision.

·Explain how light stimulates action potentials in the optic nerves & how images are focused.

·Trace the pathway an action potential will travel from the rods and cones to the visual cortex.

THE EAR: HEARING AND BALANCE:

·Identify the structures of the ear & their respective functions.

·Explain the process by which an action potential is generated by the hair cells of the organ of Corti.

·Trace a sound wave through the outer, middle, and inner ear to the organ of Corti.

·Describe the pathway of an action potential from the hair cells of the organ of Corti to the auditory?cortex.

·Explain how the vestibule and semicircular canals function in static and dynamic equilibrium.

·Describe the pathway of an action potential from the balance organs to the various parts of the central?nervous system and eyes.

Chapter 16:

PRINCIPLES OF CHEMICAL COMMUNICATION- (How Hormones Communicate)

·List the characteristics of the endocrine system, endocrine gland, hormone and target tissue.

·Distinguish between endocrine and exocrine glands.

·Compare and contrast the nervous system and the endocrine system control of homeostasis

·Identify the types of chemical messengers and describe their functions and their mode of transport in?the body, and give an example of each

TYPES OF HORMONES:

·Describe the common characteristics of all hormones.

·Define binding protein, water-soluble hormones, lipid soluble hormones and how each are transported.?Give an example of each (including their functions)

·List and describe the two chemical categories of hormones.

·Explain the influence of the chemical nature of a hormone on its transport in the blood, its removal from?circulation, and its half-life.

·Describe the three main patterns of hormone secretion and provide an example of each (humoral,?hormonal, neural).?·

CONTROL OF HORMONE SECRETION:

·Compare and contrast the three stimulatory influences on hormone secretion and give examples of each.

·Compare and contrast the three inhibitory influences on hormone secretion and give examples of each.

·Describe the major mechanisms that maintain blood hormone levels.

HORMONE RECEPTORS AND MECHANISMS OF HORMONE ACTION:

·Describe the general properties of a receptor and explain how a target cell may decrease or increase its sensitivity to a hormone.

·Explain the mechanisms of action for the two types of receptor classes and give example(s) of hormones that act through each mechanism

·Define signal amplification, and explain how, despite small hormone concentrations, water-soluble hormones can cause rapid responses.

PITUTARY GLAND AND HYPOTHALAMUS:

·Describe the location and structure of the pituitary gland including the connections with the hypothalamus.

·Discuss the structural and functional relationship between the hypothalamus and the anterior and posterior pituitary gland.

·Compare and contrast the structural type, target tissues, and actions of releasing and inhibiting hormones produced by the hypothalamus.

·List the hormones produced by the posterior and anterior pituitary gland, their structural type, target tissues, and actions.

·Explain the nature and give examples of tropic hormones.

·Describe the conditions that result from oversecretion (hypersecretion)- and undersecretion?(hyposecretion)- of pituitary hormones, and give an example(s).

THYROID GLAND:

·Describe the microanatomy (structures and cell types) of the thyroid gland, including the secreted hormones

·Describe the mechanism of action and the effects of T3and T4in the body.

·Discuss the regulation of T3and T4secretion.

·Describe the effects of hyposecretion and hypersecretion of T3and T4on homeostasis, and describe a?minimum of two pathological conditions that cause these abnormalities.

·Describe the role of calcitonin in maintaining blood calcium levels

·Describe the effects of hyposecretion and hypersecretion of calcitonin on homeostasis, and indicate the?pathological conditions that cause these abnormalities.

PARATHYROID GLANDS:

·Describe the location and structure of the parathyroid glands.

·Explain the mechanism of parathyroid hormone action, and the effects of its action.

·Describe the causes and symptoms of hypoparathyroidism and hyperparathyroidism.

ADRENAL GLANDS:

·Describe the location and structure of the adrenal glands, and explain the embryological origins of the two parts of the glands.

·List the hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla and describe their mechanisms of action.

·Explain how the hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla interact/help coordinate responses in the?autonomic nervous system.

·Identify effects or pathological conditions resulting from hypo- and hypersecretion of adrenal medulla?hormones.

·Name the layers of the adrenal cortex, the type of product secreted by each layer, and the predominant?hormone of each layer.

·Indicate and describe the individual target tissues and their responses to the hormones of the adrenal?cortex.

·Discuss the causes and symptoms of hyposecretion and hypersecretion of adrenal cortex hormones.

Identify effects or pathological conditions resulting from each.

PANCREAS:

·Describe the location and structure of the pancreas.

·Compare and contrast the endocrine and exocrine functions of the pancreas.

·Name the hormones secreted by the pancreatic islets by identifying specific cells that secrete them, and?describe their effects on their target tissues.?·

·Compare and contrast the causes and symptoms of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

HORMONES OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:

·List and describe the functions of the hormones secreted by the testes and ovaries.

·Discuss the role of the anterior pituitary in regulation of hormone secretion by the testes and ovaries.

HORMONES OF THE PINEAL GLAND:

·List the hormones secreted by the pineal gland, and describe their possible functions.

·Define photoperiod and explain its relationship to pineal gland secretion.

OTHER HORMONES AND CHEMICAL MESSENGERS:

·Explain what is meant by endocrine -like tissues and give examples.

·List and describe the functions of the hormones secreted by the thymus, digestive system, heart, and?kidneys.

·Give examples of both autocrine and paracrine chemical messengers and describe their functions.