Sensory receptors sense only stimuli external

11 Jun Sensory receptors sense only stimuli external

Question
True / False Questions

1. Sensory receptors sense only stimuli external to the body, such as light, sound waves, smell, and touch.

2. Most somesthetic signals in the right side of the body reach the cerebral cortex in the contralateral primary somesthetic area.

3. Olfaction results from the stimulation of chemoreceptors.

4. Taste signals travel from the tongue through the facial and glossopharyngeal nerves.

5. The ossicles belong to the middle ear.

6. The vestibule contains organs of hearing and equilibrium.

7. The middle ear consists of a fluid-filled chamber.

8. The cornea belongs to the tunica fibrosa (fibrous layer) of the eyeball.

9. Light falling on the retina is absorbed by rhodopsin and photopsin in the pigment epithelium.

10. Rods secrete glutamate from the base of the cell when exposed to light.

11. Vitamin A is necessary for the synthesis of rhodopsin.

Multiple Choice Questions

12. The initial effect of a stimulus on a sensory receptor is a local electrical change specifically called a(an) __________.

A. action potential

B. graded potential

C. local potential

D. sensory potential

E. receptor potential

13. What is a sensation?

A. A response of a sensory receptor

B. A response of a sensory organ

C. A subjective awareness of a stimulus

D. An unconscious response to a stimulus

E. A response to any conscious stimulus

14. Changes in cerebrospinal fluid pH are detected by __________.

A. thermoreceptors

B. chemoreceptors

C. nociceptors

D. mechanoreceptors

E. proprioceptors

15. Changes in blood pressure are detected by __________ in certain arteries.

A. mechanoreceptors

B. chemoreceptors

C. proprioceptors

D. nociceptors

E. thermoreceptors

16. Which organ does not have nociceptors?

A. Brain

B. Heart

C. Kidney

D. Liver

E. Stomach

17. Pain, heat, and cold are detected by __________.

A. tactile (Meissner) discs

B. tactile corpuscles

C. lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles

D. free nerve endings

E. end (Krause) bulbs

18. Which of the following is not an analgesic (pain reliever) found naturally in the central nervous system?

A. Endogenous opioid

B. Dynorphin

C. Enkephalins

D. Endorphins

E. Bradykinin

19. Where do most second-order somesthetic neurons synapse with third-order neurons?

A. Midbrain

B. Thalamus

C. Spinothalamic tract

D. Hypothalamus

E. Postcentral gyrus

20. In a taste bud, which cell produces a receptor potential?

A. Taste hairs

B. Sensory nerve fibers

C. Supporting cells

D. basal cells

E. Gustatory cells

21. Which of the following structures is visible to the naked eye?

A. Lingual papilla

B. Taste (gustatory) cell

C. Taste hair

D. Taste bud

E. Taste pore

22. Which taste sensation is produced by amino acids such as aspartic acid and glutamic acid?

A. Salty

B. Umami

C. Bitter

D. Sweet

E. Sour

23. What do pheromones stimulate?

A. Hair cells

B. Supporting cells

C. Taste cells

D. Olfactory cells

E. Olfactory glands

24. Where is the primary olfactory cortex located?

A. Parietal lobe

B. Insula

C. Occipital lobe

D. Frontal lobe

E. Temporal lobe

25. What is the only sense in which signals can reach the cerebral cortex without passing first through the thalamus?

A. Touch

B. Smell

C. Taste

D. Vision

E. Equilibrium

26. The human ear can detect what frequency of vibrations?

A. 5 to 20 Hz

B. 10 to 10,000 Hz

C. 20 to 20,000 Hz

D. 5 to 200,000 Hz

E. 100 to 100,000 Hz

27. Which of the following structures belong to the inner ear?

A. Tympanic membrane

B. Helix

C. Incus

D. Semicircular duct

E. Tensor tympani muscle

28. Which of the following structures houses the spiral organ?

A. Cochlea

B. Vestibule

C. Semicircular duct

D. Stapes

E. Tympanic cavity

29. The incus articulates with which bone(s)?

A. Malleus and stapes

B. Malleus

C. Stapes

D. Malleus, stapes, and temporal

E. Malleus, stapes, and tympanic

30. The spiral organ is housed within which of the following structures?

A. Scala vestibuli

B. Scala tympani

C. Cochlear duct

D. Anterior semicircular duct

E. Vestibule

31. Which structure allows upper respiratory infections to spread from the throat to the tympanic cavity?

A. Oval window

B. Cochlear duct

C. Auditory canal

D. Auditory (Eustachian) tube

E. Tympanic cavity

32. Stimuli produced by sound waves reach the brain following which pathway?

A. Cochlear duct ? spiral organ ? ossicles ? oval window ? auditory canal ? tympanic membrane ? fibers of cochlear nerve

B. Auditory canal ? tympanic membrane ? oval window ? cochlear duct ? ossicles ? spiral organ ? fibers of cochlear nerve

C. Cochlear duct ? oval window ? auditory canal ? tympanic membrane ? ossicles ? spiral organ ? fibers of cochlear nerve

D. Tympanic membrane ? auditory canal ? ossicles ? oval window ? cochlear duct ? spiral organ ? fibers of cochlear nerve

E. Auditory canal ? tympanic membrane ? ossicles ? oval window ? cochlear duct ? spiral organ ? fibers of cochlear nerve

33. Which of these is most vulnerable to irreversible damage caused by a very loud noise?

A. Ossicles

B. Cochlear hair cells

C. Tympanic membrane

D. Fibers of the cochlear nerve

E. Tectorial membrane

34. Each upward movement of the basilar causes the stereocilia of the inner hair cells to bend, opening __________ gates.

A. K+

B. Na+

C. Ca2+

D. Cl-

E. Mg2+

35. A 100 dB sound (loud) of 150 Hz (low pitch) would cause which of the following to occur?

A. The tectorial membrane to vibrate slightly near its distal end

B. The tectorial membrane to vibrate vigorously near its proximal end

C. The basilar membrane to vibrate slightly near its proximal end

D. The basilar membrane to vibrate vigorously near its distal end

E. The basilar membrane to vibrate slightly near its distal end

36. When you spin while sitting in a swivel chair with your eyes closed, you can sense this movement by means of your __________.

A. cochlea

B. saccule

C. semicircular ducts

D. utricle

E. spiral organ (organ of Corti)

37. When you travel in an elevator, what senses when the elevator is moving?

A. The inner hair cells of the basilar membrane

B. The outer hair cells of the basilar membrane

C. The hair cells of the tectorial membrane

D. The hair cells of the otolithic membrane of the macula utriculi

E. The hair cells of the otolithic membrane of the macula sacculi

38. What is the crista ampullaris associated with?

A. Static equilibrium when standing still

B. Static acceleration in linear acceleration

C. Dynamic equilibrium in angular acceleration

D. Hearing high-pitch sounds

E. Vision related to color

39. Which of the following does not contribute to the sense of equilibrium?

A. Otolithic membrane

B. Semicircular canals

C. Saccule

D. Utricle

E. Vallate papillae

40. What is the correct order of cells in the retina from back to front?

A. Photoreceptor – bipolar – ganglion

B. Ganglion – bipolar – photoreceptor

C. Photoreceptor – ganglion – bipolar

D. Ganglion – photoreceptor – bipolar

41. Human vision is limited to wavelengths ranging from __________ nm.

A. 4 to 70

B. 40 to 700

C. 400 to 700

D. 400 to 7,000

E. 4,000 to 7,000

42. Which of the following is not considered an accessory structure of the eye?

A. Conjunctiva

B. Palpebra

C. Lacrimal apparatus

D. Superior oblique

E. Cornea

43. Which of the following is not considered an optic component of the eye?

A. Aqueous humor

B. Vitreous body

C. Lens

D. Retina

E. Cornea

44. Nerve fibers from all regions of the retina converge on the __________ and exit the eye by way of the optic nerve.

A. macula lutea

B. optic disc

C. fovea centralis

D. ora serrata

E. lens

45. When you view objects close to the eye, the eye makes an adjustment called __________.

A. emmetropia

B. accommodation

C. refraction

D. myopia

E. diplopia

46. Which cells are responsible for photopic (day) vision as well as trichromatic (color) vision?

A. Bipolar cells

B. Rods

C. Cones

D. Ganglion cells

E. Pigment cells

47. What are the only retinal cells that produce action potentials?

A. Rods

B. Cones

C. Ganglion cells

D. Bipolar cells

E. Horizontal cells

48. What are the first-order neurons in the visual pathway?

A. Optic nerve fibers

B. Rods and cones

C. Ganglion cells

D. Bipolar cells

E. Amacrine cells

49. Half of the fibers of each optic nerve decussate at the __________.

A. superior colliculus

B. optic chiasm

C. lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus

D. optic foramen

E. midbrain

50. Adjustment to close-range vision involves all of the following except __________.

A. activity of the extrinsic eye muscles

B. change in the curvature of the lens

C. constriction of the pupil

D. ciliary muscle activity

E. light adaptation

51. Which of the following correctly describes the vestibular projection pathway to the brain?

A. Vestibular nerve – vestibulocochlear nerve – vestibular nuclei – thalamus – cerebral cortex

B. Vestibulocochlear nerve – vestibular nerve – vestibular nuclei – thalamus – cerebral cortex

C. Vestibular nerve – vestibulocochlear nerve – thalamus – vestibular nuclei – cerebral cortex

D. Vestibulocochlear nerve – vestibular nerve – thalamus – vestibular nuclei – cerebral cortex

52. The three types of cones in the retina are differentiated from one another by what feature?

A. The absorption peak of their photopsin

B. The width of their outer segment

C. Whether they contain cis-retinal or trans-retinal or both

D. The number of discs in their outer segment