11 Jun BIO 106 Lab 10 Classification of Organisms
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Lab 10 Classification of Organisms
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Background:
All knowledge is sorted and organized so that new discoveries can be recognized as something
new that has never been seen and understood before. This organization of knowledge pervades
all different content. This is not something new that we in the modern era have developed. Carl
Linneaus (1707-1778) came up with the basis of the modern system of classification of all living
organisms. His taxonomic system is based on grouping organisms by their similarities. The
more similar organisms are to one another the more closely they will be in taxonomic
classification. The most specific level of his classification is the species.
The most general level of classification is the Domain and progressing in specificity is
Kingdom, Class, Order, Family, Phylum, Genus, Species. Believe it or not, classification is one
of the most contentious specialties in biology. The more organisms whose DNA is sequenced
the more things change as genetic sequence similarities are used to group organisms together as
opposed to grouping them by structural and functional similarities. Currently there are several
classification schemes with varying numbers of Kingdoms.
The most specific level of classification is that of the species. At the species level, all organisms
of the same species must be able to mate with one another and produce viable offspring – that is
offspring who themselves can mate and produce viable offspring. When you mate a horse and
donkey their offspring is a mule. But you cannot mate two mules with one another – mules are
sterile. This means that horses and donkeys are each a unique species.
Moving up in the hierarchy towards Domain the organisms are less and less alike one another.
In current taxonomic classification, we have three Domains. Dr. Carl Woese studied the rRNA
sequences and structures of organisms and found there were three distinct types of rRNA. The
Domains are distinguished from one another by this difference. The three domains are Archaea ,
Eubacteria and Eukaryotes. While both the Archaea and Eubacteria are prokaryotic organisms
without their DNA enclosed by a membrane bound nucleus they are still separated from one
another by the difference in their rRNA sequences and structures. The third Domain is the
Eukaryotes whose members all have their DNA sequestered from the rest of their cells by a
nuclear membrane. Eukaryotes also have other membrane bound organelles.
As you move down from the Domain level to the Species level, the characteristics become
increasingly more specific. The focus of this lab is on the three Domains (Eubacteria, Archaea,
and Eukaryota) and four of the Kingdoms in the Eukaryotic Domain: Protista, Plantae, Fungi,
and Animalia. Page 1 of 7 Depending on
the classification
scheme each
branch of the
three Domains
may or may not
be considered a
Kingdom. Here are some of the most common and useful characteristics used in classification:
Symmetry is a component of physical organization of an organism. There are three options for
symmetry: None, Bilateral, or Radial. Symmetry applies equally to both animals, plants, fungi,
and protists.
No symmetry means there is no overall organization of the physical exterior of the organism.
Bilateral … Bi = two and Lateral = sides … so two sides. A bilateral organism has a definite left
and right side. Only one plane divides the organism into left and right halves.
Radial – Like a wheel any plane that travels from one side to the other through the absolute
center will divide the individual into left and right halves.
All organisms require some type of structural support – the more complicated the physical
organism the more structural support that is usually necessary. Structural support can be internal
(endoskeleton) or external (exoskeleton). Internal bony or cartilaginous structural support is an
endoskeleton while shells that have to be replaced as an organism grows are an example of an
exoskeleton.
The method of obtaining energy also is part of classification. Organisms are either self feeding
(autotrophs) by extracting energy from raw chemical materials (chemotrophs) or from the sun
(phototrophs/photosynthesis) or they must feed on other organisms for energy (heterotrophs).
Heterotrophs are further separated from one another by the actual method they use to consume
other organisms. They can absorb nutrients directly through their plasma membranes or they
can ingest (eat) and digest organisms.
Page 2 of 7 Then there are the mixotrophs …. HUH??? These are organisms which live together in a
symbiotic relationship. Two or more different species contribute to the survival of both
organisms. Coral is an example of this arrangement. Many corals have photosynthetic
organisms which benefit from the protection of living within the corals and the corals which are
filter feeders also gain additional nutrients from the products of the algal photosynthesis of their
symbiots. So while the algae living within the coral are photosynthetic autotrophs and the coral
polyps on their own are heterotrophs, the symbiotic pair is a mixotroph.
Segmentation consists of a body with similar repeating parts. The most obvious example of
segmentation is seen in the Annelid phylum which includes earth worms and leeches. These
organisms have identical segments from their head end to the end of their bodies. Here each individual band is a
segment of the worm and is
separated from adjacent segments by
a thin layer of tissue. Each band
contains a section of body wall and
individual internal structures. Other phyla have varying levels of segmentation. Notably the Arthropods which include insects,
lobsters and shrimp have body plans that are obviously delineated into organized, shelled regions
each with a specific purpose. It is easiest to see this when looking at the thorax which has
repeating segments all including a leg. Each arrow is
pointing to the
base of a leg.
Each leg pair
is attached at
the base of a
segment. Page 3 of 7 Nervous systems allow an organism to control what they do, where they go, and any decision
making they may or may not be able to do. At the simplest end of the spectrum, sea sponges do
not have neurons nor a nervous system but their cells do communicate via calcium waves to
control simple things such as whole body contractions. Jelly fish utilize a nerve net. They have
sensory cells that are spread out across their bodies along with motor neurons which allow these
creatures to move towards or away from a variety of stimuli. The most advanced nervous system
is the nerve cord linked to ganglia (groups of nerve cells) which is found in organisms raging
from insects up through advanced vertebrates. These nervous systems have sensory and motor
nerve cells which provide the ability to sense and respond to a significant number of stimuli. A
"brain" is the developed anterior section of a nerve cord seen in higher order organisms which
give them the ability to discern ever more complex stimuli, participate in more advanced
communication and actual learning.
Pre Lab Matching: Use the choices (A-Y) below to complete question. Choose the BEST
answer to complete the statements. 1 point each.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F. Autotroph
Heterotroph
Chemotroph
Photosynthesis
Cellular respiration
Prokaryotes G. Eukaryotes
H. Protista
I. Anamalia
J. Fungi
K. Plantae
L. Annelid M. Peptidoglycan
N. Symbiotic
O. Hydrocarbons
P. Hydrophobic
R. Absorption
S. Eubacteria T. Cellulose
U. Keratin
V. Chitin
W. Hydrophillic
X. Mixotrophic
Y. Archaea Choice
UPPER
Entire Word or Phrase … Normal case
CASE
1
1. Eubacteria are classified as
and have cell walls containing 2 2. Archaea are classified as 3 3. have a membrane bound nucleus and/or organelles 4 4. live in extreme environments. 5 6 and have cell walls containing 5/6. Plants have cell walls made of (5) while fungi have cell walls made of (6)
Page 4 of 7 7 7. 8 8. Fungi use 9 9. 10
11
12 13 are among the oldest organisms on Earth.
to obtain nutrients
are organisms which do not fit in other eukaryotic categories. 10. Plants are classified as because they make their own food. 11. Which Kingdom(s) have organisms which can move on their own? List all that
apply
12. Corals are an example of a/an (12)
due to their (13) living arrangement with algae. Open the pdf file of images from the canvas assignment page and
use them to complete the rest of this assignment.
14. Identify the samples possessing radial symmetry by sample number. 15. Identify the samples possessing an endoskeleton by sample number. 16. Which samples E\QXPEHUare examples of secondary consumers with bilateral symmetry? 17. Which samplesE\QXPEHU illustrate segmentation and an exoskeleton? 18. Which samplesE\QXPEHU are autotrophs? Page 5 of 7 Table 2 Phyla of the Animal Kingdom
Animalia Phylum
Porifera Sea Life Symmetry
None Cnidaria Radial Mollusca Bilateral Platyhelminth Bilateral Nematode Bilateral Annelid Bilateral Invertebrates Arthropod Bilateral Vertebrates Chordate Bilateral Worms Additional Characteristics
– No nervous, digestive, or
circulatory systems
– Filter feeders
– True tissue differentiation
and nematocyts
– True coelom
– Soft body; some secrete calcium based shell
– Unsegmented
– Nervous system and true organs
– Single opening to digestive tract
– Unsegmented
– Nervous and
digestive system
– Segmentation
– Nervous, digestive, and
circulatory systems
– Segmentation
– Exoskeleton
– Circulatory system
– Endoskeleton
– Nervous, digestive, and
circulatory systems Page 6 of 7 Using the following characteristics determine the phylum for the chosen samples
Symmetry; None, Bilateral, Radial
Energy acquisition; Autotroph, Heterotroph ingestion/digestion, Heterotroph absorption
Body plan; Segmented or Not segmented
Support; Endoskeleton, Exoskeleton; Soft-bodied
Nervous system; None, Nerve net, Nerve Cord For the sample listed determine the phylum. Include the characteristics from the list above
for each sample.
Sample Symmetry
Ex. 4 19 3 20 6 21 10 22 1 23 Bilateral Energy
Nervous
Body Plan
Support
Acquisition
System
Heterotroph Segmented Exoskeleton Nerve
Ingestion
Cord Phyla
Arthropod Page 7 of 7
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