Final Test Help

11 Jun Final Test Help

I. Definitions: Define the following concepts in one to three sentences; give examples!

1. speech act:

2. positive face:

3. negative face:

4. prosody:

5. contextualization cue:

6. proxemics:

7. minimal response:

8. verbal hygiene:

9. discourse marker:

10. adjacency pair:

11. narrative clause:

12. free clause:

13. ideology (in CDA):

14. sociolinguistics:

15. uptalk:

16. kinesics:

17. reported speech:

18. idiolect:

19. double-voiced discourse:

20. Creolist theory of the origin of AAVE:

21. sociolinguistic erasure:

22. perlocutionary effect:

23. complementary schismogenesis:

II. Compare/Contrast: Define then explain the difference between each of the combined terms below in a short paragraph (4-8 sentences). Use examples!

1. signifier vs. signified:

2. sociolinguist indexicality vs. sociolinguistic iconization:

3. felicitous/infelicitous vs. true/false:

4. locutionary act vs. illocutionary force:

4. grammatical competence vs. communicative competence:

5. account vs. but-justification

6. gemeinschaft vs. gesellschaft:

7. enculturation vs. acculturation (Scollon&Scollon):

8. standard vs. superstandard English:

9. linguistic description vs. linguistic prescription:

10. quoting vs. enquoting:

11. code switching vs. language crossing

12. lumping fallacy vs. solidarity fallacy:

13. Afrocentric vs. Eurocentric theories of the origin of AAVE:

14. pidgin vs. creole language:

III. Quotes: Provide at least one short paragraph (3-5 sentences) and at least one example for each quote.

1. What does Cameron mean by “language-using is an intersubjective rather than purely subjective process: a ‘voice’ that is wholly subjective runs the risk of being incomprehensible” (p. 15).

2. What do Scollon & Scollon mean when they say that “virtually any communication will have both an information function and a relationship function” (p.151)? Give an example.

3. Explain what Foucault meant when he wrote that discourses are “practices that form the objects of which they speak” (Cameron, p.16). Give an example.

4. Explain what Cameron meant when she wrote: “…we should assume that even the smallest details of talk are functional and potentially meaningful: if something is ‘there’ in people’s talk, then it must be there for some purpose” (p.114). Give an example.

5. Explain what the critical discourse analyst Norman Fairclough meant when he wrote that “politics partly consists in the disputes and struggles which occur in language and over language” (19). Give an example.

6. What does Hymes mean by “there are rules of use without which the rules of grammar would be useless”?

7. Explain is meant by the idea that “a language is a dialect with an army and a navy” (Rickford).

IV. Applications:

Provide a half-page response (minimum 2 paragraphs, i.e. 6-10 sentences).

TBD: One will be on Language, Power, & Identity (Cameron, Ch.11) and one will be on Narrative (Labov).