15 Jun Describe the structure of a nucleotide by indicating the three parts
Question
QUESTIONS BELOW: ANSWER ALL AND CITE IF NEEDED. DO NOT RENUMBER KEEP IN ORDER. DO NOT PARAGRAPH ANSWER IN NUMBER SEQUENCE. QUESTIONS BELOW. Highlight answers.
1. Describe the structure of a nucleotide by indicating the three parts of the nucleotide. Which part(s) form the “backbone” of the DNA molecule? Which part(s) form the “rungs”?
2. List the name and abbreviation of each of the four nucleotides found in DNA?
3. What type of chemical bond holds the two strands of DNA together? Are these bonds relatively strong or relatively weak compared to covalent bonds?
4. Below is a list of the abbreviations of the 4 nucleotides found in DNA. Next to each, write the abbreviation of the nucleotide or nucleotides to which it can bond to create a “rung” linking two DNA strands together.
A –
T –
G –
C –
5. If all DNA is built of the same building blocks and always forms a double helix, what feature of each individual’s DNA structure is unique?
6. List at least three examples of why cells in your body must reproduce.
a.
b.
c.
7. List and describe the basic steps of DNA replication. In your answer be sure to include the terms “complementary base pairing” and “semi-conservative replication”.
1. Describe the basic structure of an amino acid. What distinguishes amino acids from one another?
2. Proteins begin as chains of amino acids. Justify the statement that changing a protein’s amino acid sequence can change its function.
3. What specific feature of a protein will be changed if the nucleotide sequence of its gene is changed? How will this change affect a protein’s three-dimensional structure?
4. Name and describe the function of the two components of a eukaryotic gene.
a.
b.
5. Name and describe in detail the two steps of gene expression. In your description indicate where in the cell each step occurs, the molecule from which information is copied, enzymes involved and the final product of each step.
6. The nucleotide sequence of a hypothetical gene is:
T A C A T A C T T A G T T A C G T CG C C C G G A A A T A T
a. What will be the sequence on the mRNA when it is transcribed?
b. What will be the amino acid sequence of the protein when it’s translated? (use the Genetic Code table on page 156)
c. What would happen to the amino acid chain if the highlighted nucleotide underwent a mutation and was changed to an adenine?
7. DNA replication is a natural process whereas the Polymerase Chain Reaction is preformed within the lab to amplify small amounts of DNA. List the “ingredients” necessary for PCR and describe the function of each.
8. Describe the steps of a single round of PCR specifically indicating the roles of heating and cooling.
9. Describe the process of gel electrophoresis. What determines how far each piece of DNA will travel through the gel?
10. Answer question 13 page 136. Also, answer question 18 b (which man is the father of the child?) and explain your reasoning.
1. What are stem cells? Where are they found? What types of cells do they produce? And why are stem cells important for tissue health?
2. Define each of the following terms:
Cellular differentiation:
Differential gene expression:
Embryonic stem cells:
Adult stem cells:
Multipotent:
Pluripotent:
Totipotent:
3. Indicate what, if any, difference there is in differentiation potential between adult and embryonic stem cells.
4. Some scientists argue that embryonic stem cells have greater therapeutic value than do adult stem cells. Why?
5. Outline the process of somatic cell nuclear transplantation and describe the two potential outcomes of the process.
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