23 Jun Answer the questions in Rosenbergs Self-Esteem
Answer the questions in Rosenbergs Self-Esteem Scale (RSES). At this stage, as a student studying psychology, do not think too deeply about the questions or begin a process of soul-searching; rather, just make a quick decision on the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statements. The focus here is not your actual score, but rather your reflexive processes when answering the questions.
Once you have submitted the questionnaire you will be given a RSES score out of 30 (reported as the ‘grade.) A score below 15 is considered an indication of low self-esteem and a score of 15 or above is considered an indication of high self-esteem. You will immediately spot that the scoring system does not allow for a ‘moderate categorisation of self-esteem level. You will return to this aspect of the scale in the next section.
Note: Once you have completed the scale, return to this activity to reveal the discussion.
View discussion – Activity 2: Rosenbergs Self-Esteem Scale
3 Everyday perspectives: self-esteem
You should now have a sense of how self-esteem is used by self-help campaigns and how it is frequently measured through the RSES by psychologists. In this section you will look at how self-esteem is understood in an everyday sense. Below you will find the ‘Everyday perspectives video for this week, in which people answered the following questions:
• How do you define self-esteem?
• What factors do you think can affect self-esteem?
• Why do you think some people have high self-esteem and others have low self-esteem?
• Can self-esteem be measured?
• Do you ever think about your self-esteem?
Video content is not available in this format.
Everyday perspectives: self-esteem
View transcript – Everyday perspectives: self-esteem
Activity 3: Everyday definitions of self-esteem
Allow 30 minutes for this activity
In this activity you are going to examine everyday understandings of what self-esteem is and the factors that can affect it.
Part 1
Having watched the ‘Everyday perspectives video, choose four people featured in the video and then complete the table below based on their responses. You may need to watch the video a few times to complete the activity.
Interactive content is not available in this format.
View description – Uncaptioned interactive content
Part 2
Now that you have assessed the responses of your chosen four people, spend a little time examining what they reveal.
View discussion – Part 2
Now read Book 1, Chapter 4, ‘Self-esteem, before continuing with this study week.
4 The relationship between self-esteem and social networking sites
Chapter 4 gave an overview of the history of the psychology of self-esteem as well as how self-esteem has been defined by psychologists, by people in everyday contexts and within self-help contexts by the self-help industry. Hopefully you will see that a central concern of self-esteem researchers is the extent to which we as individuals are in control of our own self-esteem. There are two important related questions:
• Can self-esteem be improved?
• Why do some people have higher or lower self-esteem than others?
This can be related to the chapters reappraisal of the terms ‘high self-esteem and ‘low self-esteem, which noted that the term ‘low self-esteem is often misunderstood. Hopefully you also realised that ‘high self-esteem may not be the same as narcissism or self-aggrandising behaviour; rather, it may be a result of sociocultural factors, which affect people differently according to both where they live and the generation into which they were born. As the chapter discussed, ‘Generation Me has become a term that refers to a new generation of people, mostly but not exclusively based in Western countries, who are likely to have different attributional patterns and perhaps be more concerned with their own profile than older generations and people based in Eastern countries. However, given globalisation, this is a cultural and generational difference that is likely to be changing. Do social networking sites (SNSs) play a role in this?
The main question in this section, then, is: do SNSs, such as Facebook, play a role in our levels of self-esteem? Cyberpsychology is a new direction in social psychology that aims to examine our relationship to online environments.
Box 1: The Facebook experiment
Facebook made the headlines in July 2014 when it revealed the findings of an experimental study it had carried out using data from over 689,000 Facebook users. Unbeknown to the users, Facebook data scientists Adam Kramer, Jamie Guillory and Jeffrey Hancock (2014) manipulated the program that selects stories to feature on Facebook users newsfeeds. A randomly-selected sample of nearly 700,000 Facebook users had their newsfeeds manipulated by the researchers. Some users newsfeeds were adjusted so that fewer emotionally negative stories were prioritised in the newsfeed, while others were adjusted so that fewer emotionally positive stories were prioritised. Kramer and colleagues then observed whether users made more positive or negative posts themselves as a result.
The researchers found that people who had viewed fewer emotionally negative stories in their newsfeeds made fewer negative and more positive posts, while those who had viewed fewer emotionally positive stories in their newsfeeds made more negative and fewer positive posts. The nature of the users own posts therefore reflected the type of stories they had been exposed to in their newsfeeds. Although the overall effect was small (amounting to approximately one extra positive or negative word per thousand words posted by users), across such a large sample it was statistically significant. The study has given rise to a host of questions concerning the ethics of the experiment, how social networking sites may be manipulating their users, and the possibility of ‘emotional contagion (which refers to people synchronising their emotions with each other, often through copying other peoples reactions) among users of social networking sites. It also raises the question of whether social networking sites such as Facebook could have other effects on their users, including affecting their self-estee
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