24 Jun Hypothalamus: The hypothalamus releases and inhibits hormones
Question
I’m having some homework trouble and I was hoping someone could help me. My teacher asked for us to “Describe integrated endocrine effects on the kidney of each of the following: 1,2,3, and 4
I started to answer the first few and I’m not sure if I am answering the question fully. And I have no idea what number 4 would be. Can someone please tell me if I’m doing well, what I could add, and what # 4 is. I’ve heard of a Atrial natriuretic peptide but not a Atrial natriuretic protein.
1) Hypothalamus: The hypothalamus releases and inhibits hormones throughout the body that help to maintain homeostasis. The hypothalamus is responsible for secreting Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) which helps to increase water absorption into the blood by the kidneys. If there is not enough water in the blood because or say dehydration during exercise the hypothalamus might stimulate the pituitary gland to release ADH so that more water from the tubules is reabsorbed into the body and so that the kidneys will remove less water from the blood. This will lead to a smaller amount of more concentrated urine and the water levels in the blood will rise to normal levels stopping further release of ADH when blood water levels return to normal.
2) Juxtaglomerular apparatus: The afferent arteriole and a small adjacent segment of the distal convoluted tubule combine to form the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA). The JGA senses blood pressure and blood flow in the afferent arteriole and sodium concentration in the distal convoluted tubule and secretes renin as the first step in the renir-angiotensin-aldosterone system, which regulates renal salt excretion as a means to control blood volume and blood pressure.
3)Adrenal gland: the adrenal glands are two small structures that sit atop each kidney. The adrenals are two organs in one: an outer cortex, under control of the pituitary gland, and an inner medulla, linked directly to and controlled separately by the autonomic nervous system. The adrenal cortex comprises 90% of the gland. It has three distinctive layers; a thin outer zona glomerulosa; a broad middle layer, the zona fasciculate; and a thin inner layer, the zona reticularis. Each layer is composed of epithelial cells that respond to pituitary output of ACTH, which stimulates release of three corticosteroids. 1) Mineralocorticoids (principally aldosterone) are secreted by the zona glomerulosa. They act on the kidney to retain sodium (Na+) and water and excrete potassium (k+), actions that increase blood volume and blood pressure and decreased potassium (hypokalemia). 2) Glucocorticosteroids (mainly cortisol) are secreted by the zona fasciculata. They do the following:
Increase glucose production by stimulating breakdown of the liver and muscle glycogen into glucose.
Stimulate the degradation of protein into amino acids and fat into fatty acids. The amino acids and fatty acids are then available for energy production.
Inhibit peripheral glucose utilization to ensure that adequate glucose is available for the brain.
Suppress immune reaction and limit information to lessen the stress of injury (disease).
3) Sex steroids (estrogen and androgens less potent than those secreted by the ovaries and testes), which have a variety of effects on bone, muscles, brain, and genitalia, are secreted by the zona reticularis.
The Adrenal medulla is formed of chromaffin cells, neuroendocrine cells derived from embryologic neural crest that develops into brain and peripheral nerves. Clusters of chromaffin cells (called the paraganglionic system) are also found in the walls of the aorta and major blood vessels (e.g. carotid body), the urinary system, and ganglia of the autonomic nervous system. Those in the walls of the arteries serve as chemoreceptors sensitive to pH and oxygen tension in the regulation of respiration. The function of the others is unknown. The chromaffin cells secrete catecholamines, chemicals that act in various ways to help the body adapt to sudden stress. Epinephrine, the most important of these compounds, is released from the medulla upon stimulation by the nerve signals from the automatic nervous system. Epinephrine stimulates heart rate, dilates bronchioles and coronary arteries, constricts peripheral blood vessels, increases mental alertness and respiratory rate, and increases the metabolic rate. Norepinephrine is a second catecholamine secreted by the medulla. It is very powerful effect causes constriction of small blood vessels, increasing peripheral resistance and raising blood pressure.
4)Atrial natriuretic protein:
Our website has a team of professional writers who can help you write any of your homework. They will write your papers from scratch. We also have a team of editors just to make sure all papers are of HIGH QUALITY & PLAGIARISM FREE. To make an Order you only need to click Ask A Question and we will direct you to our Order Page at WriteDemy. Then fill Our Order Form with all your assignment instructions. Select your deadline and pay for your paper. You will get it few hours before your set deadline.
Fill in all the assignment paper details that are required in the order form with the standard information being the page count, deadline, academic level and type of paper. It is advisable to have this information at hand so that you can quickly fill in the necessary information needed in the form for the essay writer to be immediately assigned to your writing project. Make payment for the custom essay order to enable us to assign a suitable writer to your order. Payments are made through Paypal on a secured billing page. Finally, sit back and relax.
About Writedemy
We are a professional paper writing website. If you have searched a question and bumped into our website just know you are in the right place to get help in your coursework. We offer HIGH QUALITY & PLAGIARISM FREE Papers.
How It Works
To make an Order you only need to click on “Order Now” and we will direct you to our Order Page. Fill Our Order Form with all your assignment instructions. Select your deadline and pay for your paper. You will get it few hours before your set deadline.
Are there Discounts?
All new clients are eligible for 20% off in their first Order. Our payment method is safe and secure.