Understand how blood pressure affects blood flow rate

26 Jun Understand how blood pressure affects blood flow rate

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The objectives of this exercise are as follows:

1. Understand the use of the terms insulin, type 1 diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and glucose standard curve.

2. Understand how fasting plasma glucose levels are used to diagnose diabetes mellitus.

3. Understand the assay that is used to measure plasma glucose.

The Cardiovascular System

The cardiovascular system(also known as the circulatory system) is composed of the organs and tissues involved in circulating blood and lymph through the body. The heart, blood, and blood vessels make up the cardiovascular system, which services all of the cells in the body. Wastes are taken away and exchanged with oxygen and food nutrients. Common problems of the cardiovascular system include aneurysms, atherosclerosis, heart disease, high blood pressure, and varicose veins.

In this lab, you will address the following:

· Identify the major endocrine glands and tissues

· Demonstrate an understanding of the cardiovascular and the circulatory system

· Apply background knowledge to the major respiratory structures as well as describe the functions of each

You are to write a 1-page Lab Report using the Scientific Method sections below. Your Pearson report is your data to support your report. Attach the Pearson report as part of your lab report results. The Pearson questions are to help you understand the topic and may be used in your report to support your findings.

Complete the steps of the scientific method for your lab option choice. Use these headings in your paper, please.

Purpose:

State the purpose of the lab.

Introduction:

This is an investigation of what is currently known about the question being asked. Use background information from credible references to write a short summary about concepts in the lab. List and cite references in APA style.

Hypothesis / Predicted Outcome:

An hypothesis is an “educated guess.” Based on what you have learned and written about in the Introduction, state what you expect to be the results of the lab procedures.

Methods:

Summarize the procedures that you used in the lab.

The Methods section should also state clearly how data (numbers) were collected during the lab; these will be reported in the Results/ Outcome section.

Results/Outcome:

Provide here any results / data that were generated doing the lab procedure.

Discussion/Analysis:

In this section, state clearly whether you obtained the expected results, and the outcome was as expected. Note: You can use answers to any multiple choice or essay questions you filled out in the lab to help you discuss the results and what you learned.

Provide references in APA format. This includes a reference list and in-text citations for references used in the Introduction section.

Give your paper a title and number and identify each section as specified above. Although the hypothesis will be a one sentence answer, the other sections will need to be paragraphs to adequately explain your experiment.

Submit your assignment as a MS Word document.

Please submit your assignment.

The Endocrine, Cardiovascular (Circulatory)and Respiratory: Systems and Diseases – Copy

Learning Goal:

Identify common funtions and diseases of the endocrine, cardiovascular (circulatory) and respiratory system.

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Prerequisite Knowledge:Before beginning this lab, you should be familiar with these concepts.

· Identify the major endocrine glands and tissues

· Demonstrate an understanding of the cardiovascular and the circulatory system

· Apply background knowledge to the major respiratory structures as well as being able to describe the functions of each

Part A -The Endocrine System

The Endocrine System

The endocrine system is made up of glands that secrete chemicals called ‘hormones’ into the bloodstream or surrounding tissues. Together with the nervous system and the immune system, the endocrine system helps the body to cope with different events and stresses. The endocrine system include the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries and testes.

Endocrine Orientation Tutorial

CLICK HERE

Endocrine Glands: Hormones and Functions Tutorial

CLICK HERE

Lab Procedure

Step 1: Click on the first link above for an Orientation to the Endocrine system

Step 2: Next Click on Endocrine Glands: Hormones and Functions. Listen to the introduction and at the completion click over thePancreasto learn more about its function and the release of Insulin

Step 3: Click the enlarged gland of the Pancreas to learn about the targets and functions of the Pancreas.

Step 4: Follow the instructions to click on the Beta Cell to learn more about the function of Insulin.

Step 5: Answer the multiple choice questions tha follow.

Beta Cells in the Pancreas create ___________.

Somatostatin

Insulin

Glucagon

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Completed

Part B -Knowledge Check

The end result of insulin is ____________.

Increased level of glucose

Decreased levels of gluose

Neither

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Part C -Knowledge Check

Endocrine cells in the Pancreas provide good access to the _________.

Circulatory system

Cardiovascular system

Respiratory system

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Part D -Knowledge Check

Insulin promotes glycogen synthesis in:

Liver and adipose tissue

Muscles and adipose tissue

Liver and muscle

All of the above

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Completed

Part E -Diabetes (Type 1 and 2) Lab

Diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by a failure to secrete enough insulin. It is characterized by high blood sugar either because the body does not produce enough insulin or alternatively the body’s cells do not respond to the insulin produced. There are three main types of diabetes: Type 1 which typically occurs during childhood (juvenile diabetes), Type 2 which often is triggered during adulthood from poor health and obesity, and the much less common Gestational Diabetes which can be temporary and triggered during pregnancy. Diabetes can be a result of other conditions such as genetic syndromes, chemicals, drugs, malnutrition, infections, viruses, or other illnesses.

The objectives of this exercise are to:

1. Understand the use of the terms insulin, type 1 diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and glucose standard curve.

2. Understand how fasting plasma glucose levels are used to diagnose diabetes mellitus.

3. Understand the assay that is used to measure plasma glucose.

Plasma Glucose, Insulin, and Diabetes Mellitus

CLICK HERE

Procedure:

Step 1: Click on the Link above

Step 2: Complete the Lab on Plasma Glucose, Insulin and Diaetes Mellitus

Step 3: Answer the Lab Questions that follow

Glucose is stored in the human body as _____________.

Insulin

Glucagon

Glycogen

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Completed

Part F -Lab Questions

Which hormone stimulates the breakdown of polymeritzed glucose?

Glycogen

Insulin

Glucagon

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Completed

Part G -Lab Questions

Glucose remains in the bloodstream as a result of _______.

Diabetes insipidus

When the transport maximum for reabsorption in the kidney tubules is exceeded, as a result of type 1 diabetes or as a result of type 2 diabetes

Too much insulin

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Part H -The Cardiovascular System

The Cardiovascular System(also known as the Circulatory System)

The Cardiovascular System is composed of the organs and tissues involved in circulating blood and lymph through the body. The heart, blood and blood vessels make up the cardiovascular system, which services all the cells in the body. Wastes are taken away and exchanged with oxygen and food nutrients. Common problems of the cardiovascular system include an aneurysm, atherosclerosis, heart disease, high blood pressure and varicose veins.

Procedure:

Step 1: Click on the media link below to get an Introduction to the Heart and the Cardiovascular system.

Step 2: Click to Slide 3 to see an anatomy view of the heart. Click over the image to enlarge the image of the heart.

Step 3: While on Slide 3 viewing the anatomy of the heart, Click on the heart in each of the different views (Anterior, Right Lateral, Posterior, Left Lateral) to see a cut-away-view of the heart. In each view click on the labels of the heart to learn about individual heart functions.

Step 4: Skip to Slide 5 showing circulation in the body.

Step 1:Introduction to the Heart

CLICK HERE

Step 2:Heart View

CLICK HERE

Step 3:Heart Circulation

CLICK HERE

What does the cardiovascularsystem consist of and how does it serve the human body?

The cardiovascular system is consist of the organ and tissue involved in circulating blood and

lymph through the body it help heart blood and blood vessels.

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Submitted, grade pending

Part I – Introduction to Heart Disease

Coronary heart disease is characterized by a narrowing of the arteries (atherosclerosis). Fatty deposits, or plaques, cling to the artery walls and can clog the arteries, making it more likely that a blood clot will form.

A heart attack occurs when a blood clot blocks one of the arteries of the heart. This prevents the flow of blood, cuts off the oxygen supply to the heart and damages or kills the heart cells. Some foods increase the risk of coronary heart disease, others may protect against it. Uncontrolled diabetes can contribute to coronary heart disease.

Characteristics of Heart disease

Coronary heart disease is characterized by a narrowing of the arteries (atherosclerosis). Fatty deposits, or plaques, cling to the artery walls and can clog the arteries, making it more likely that a blood clot will form.

A heart attack occurs when a blood clot blocks one of the arteries of the heart. This prevents the flow of blood, cuts off the oxygen supply to the heart and damages or kills the heart cells.

Risk factors for heart disease

A number of factors are associated with the build-up of fatty deposits in the coronary arteries, including cigarette smoking, lack of physical activity and a family history of the disease.

Other risk factors include:

· Type of fat eaten– saturated and trans fats increase blood cholesterol and heart attack rates. Polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats lower the risk of heart attacks.

· Obesity– many overweight and obese people have diets high in fat, particularly saturated fat. A person who carries the bulk of their body fat around their stomach (an ‘apple’ shaped body) is at greater risk of heart disease than someone whose body fat tends to settle around their bottom, hips and thighs (a ‘pear’ shaped body).

· High blood pressure(hypertension)– blood pressure is the amount of pressure within the arteries (blood vessels that carry blood around the body). High blood pressure, or hypertension, means that the pressure in the arteries is higher than normal. This may be because the arteries are less elastic, there is more blood volume or more blood is being pumped out of the heart.

What is Coronary Heart Disease characterized by and how can a person lower the risk of contracting heart disease?

It is characterized by accumulation of fatty deposits along the innermost layer of the coronary.

A person can low the risk of contracting a heart disease watching you cholesterol intake.

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Part J -Effects of Blood Pressure on Blood Flow – Lab

In this lab you will learn about the effect of blood pressure on blood flow rate.

1. Understand how blood pressure affects blood flow rate

2. Understand what structure produces blood pressure in the human body

3. Understand the relation of Blood pressure to diseases such as Heart Disease.

Studying the Effect of Blood Pressure on Blood Flow Rate

CLICK HERE

Procedure:

Step 1:Click on the link above to launch the Lab, Studying the Effect of Blood Pressure on Blood Flow Rate. Read the overview and the introduction and then answer the Pre-lab Quiz questions at the bottom.

Step 2:Once you’ve completed the questions proceed to theExperimentand follow the directions to complete the Lab. Answer all of the questions throughout the Lab.

Step 3:Save your data to a PDF.

Step 4: Then answer the Lab Questions that follow.

In this activity, which variable will be changed?

vessel length

vessel radius

pressure

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Completed

Part K -Lab Questions

Blood flow is _______.

directly proportional to the pressure gradient

inversely proportional to the pressure gradient

inversely proportional to cardiac output

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Part L -Lab Questions

Arteries that are closer to the heart _______.

have less elastic tissue and must be able to withstand pressure changes

have more elastic tissue

have more elastic tissue and must be able to withstand pressure changes

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Completed

Part M -The Respiratory System

The Respiratory System

The main organ of the respiratory system is the lungs. Our lungs breathe in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide. This exchange of gases is vital to life. Breathing depends on the diaphragm, a sheet of muscle slung beneath the lungs inside the ribcage. Common problems of the respiratory system include asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, hay-fever, influenza, laryngitis and pneumonia.

In this lab you will learn about the anatomy of the respiratory system and how the emphysema disease impacts lung function.

Procedure:

Step 1: Click on the respiratory anatomy review link.

Step 2: Click on the link to learn about the respiratory system organs.

Step 3: Then answer the Short Essay Questions.

Respiratory: Anatomy Review

CLICK HERE

Respiratory: Resp System Organs

CLICK HERE

What process does breathing depend on?

Breath depend on the diaphragm ,a sheet of muscle slung beneath the lung inside the ribcage.

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Part N -Introduction to Emphysema – Lab

Introduction to Emphysema

Emphysema is the most common respiratory disease in the United States, and is the fourth most common cause of death overall. Emphysema is for the most part caused by smoking and 80-90% of heavy smoking is the cause of the disease. Normal functioning lungs are elastic, however emphysema causes lung tissue to become less elastic and as the disease progresses, coughing and shortness of breath occur. In the later stages, the lungs cannot supply enough oxygen to the blood.

In this lab you will explore comparative spirometry to better understand the impacts of diseases such as emphysema.

Procedure:

Step 1: Click on the link below to launch the Comparative Spirometry Lab. Read the overview and the introduction and then answer the Pre-lab Quiz questions 1-3 below.

Step 2: After answer the multiple questions below proceed to the experiment.

Step 3: Start the experiment carefully following the lab directions. Answer each question to the best of your knowledge while moving through each stage of the experiment: Normal, Emphysema, Acute Asthma, Plus Inhaler, Moderate Exercise, and Heavy Exercise.

Step 4: At the end of the exercise Save your results to a PDF labeled:Spirometry Lab

Step 5: Complete the Lab Questions that follow.

Comparative Spirometry

CLICK HERE

Why is normal exhalation passive?

Elastic tissue in the lungs recoils

Respiratory muscles are relaxing and elastic tissue in the lungs recoils

The diaphragm is involuntarily controlled

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Completed

Part O -Lab Questions

With emphysema, the muscles that contract with normal exhalation include which of the following?

internal intercostals

internal intercostals and abdominal muscles

abdominal muscles

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Completed

Part P -Lab Questions

During an acute asthma attack, the obstruction is caused by _______.

a spasm of the diaphragm

destruction of the walls of the alveoli

bronchiole smooth muscle spasms

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Completed

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