26 Jun B iology LabPaq / Published by: Hands-On Labs, Inc
A laboratory Manual of Small-Scale Experiments
for the independent Study of
general Biology
50-0364-BK-01
LabPaq® is a registered trademark of Hands-On Labs, Inc. (HOL). The LabPaq referenced in
this manual is produced by Hands-On Labs, Inc. which holds and reserves all copyrights on
experiences. The laboratory manual included with a LabPaq is intended for the sole use by that
years of research and development into these materials, reserves all rights related to them, and
Published by:
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
3880 S. Windermere St.
Englewood, CO 80110
Phone: Denver Area: 303-679-6252
Toll-free, Long-distance: 866-206-0773
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E-mail: [email protected].com
Printed in the United States of America.
The experiments in this manual have been and may be conducted in a regular formal laboratory
contained herein.
responsibility for errors, inaccuracies, omissions or any other inconsistency herein. Any slight of
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Table of Contents
5
To the instructor
6
To the Student
7
How to Perform an Experiment
9
Safety Concerns
11
Science lab Safety Reinforcement Agreement
Experiments
32
Habitats and Humans
54
Taxonomy of living Things
85
Kingdom Animalia: The invertebrates
114
Kingdom Animalia: The Protostomes
137
Kingdom Animalia: The Deuterostomes
154
Kingdom Animalia: Class Mammalia
172
Tissues, organs, and Homeostasis
196
The Macrobiome
APPENDiX
257
laboratory Equipment and Techniques
262
Material Safety Data Sheets
264
How to Write lab Notes and lab Reports
270
laboratory Drawings
282
How to Handle Preserved Biological Specimens
290
The T-Test
296
The Chi-Square Test
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Introduction
To the instructor
As an increasing number of students embrace online and independent-study courses, laboratory
This does not mean that some experiments cannot or should not be replaced or reinforced by
complexity.
behavior.
technology careers.
The knowledge gained from science courses with strong laboratory components enables students
by maintaining hands-on laboratory experiences in our curricula that the brightest and most
them. The experiments are based on the principles of micro-scale science which have been
be performed at home, in a dorm room, or at a small learning center that lacks a formal laboratory.
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Introduction
To the Student
change and interact with each other, makes it easier to understand ourselves and our physical
lives and our planet. Science credits are impressive on an academic transcript and your science
What are Micro-scale Experiments?
You may be among the growing number of students to take a full-credit, laboratory science course
of LabPaqs: academically aligned, small-scale experiments that can be performed at home.
campus-based peers.
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Introduction
How to Perform an Experiment
Choose the Right Place for your Home laboratory: The best place to perform at-home experiments
will be determined by the nature of the individual experiments. However, this place is usually an
area. Because some of the equipment and supplies in your LabPaq may pose dangers to small
an area where you cannot be disturbed by children or pets.
Use a lab Partner: While the experiments in the LabPaq can be performed independently, it is
reinforce your learning process. Whether your partner is a parent, spouse, sibling, or friend, you
line up a partner if needed.
Knowing what you are going to do before you do it
Review Basic Safety:
problems.
It is hard to organize your thoughts in
a disorganized environment. Assemble all required equipment and supplies before you begin
working.
outline your lab Notes:
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Introduction
your experiment. What changes occurred? Why? What do they mean? How do they relate to the
understanding.
Clean Up:
can. Discard used pipets and other waste in your normal trash. Return cleaned equipment and
supplies to their LabPaq box and store the box out of reach of children and pets.
your Lab Report. If you have properly followed all the above steps, the conclusion will be easy.
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Introduction
Safety Concerns
CAUTioN for Women:
If you are pregnant or could be pregnant, you should seek advice from your personal physician before
doing any type of science experimentation.
You, as a responsible science student and researcher, are solely responsible for safely storing
manner.
Items in your LabPaq can be especially dangerous to children and pets, so the LabPaq should
always be kept safely stored out of their reach. The LabPaq may contain acids or other chemicals
that can cause burns if mishandled plus serious illness and/or death if consumed.
cause injury. LabPaqs contain small items and materials that could cause choking, injury, or death
if misused.
not necessarily dangerous, they can pose hazards which means you should always undertake
to take measurements, make sure any stool, chair, or ladder you use is sturdy and take ample
to ensure that items cannot go astray and cause injury to people or property.
If you or anyone accidentally consumes or otherwise comes into contact with a substance that
could be toxic or cannot be easily washed away, immediately call:
Your eyesight is precious and should be protected against chemical spills or splashes as well as
face and by wearing old clothing that fully covers your arms, legs, and feet.
to aid in cleanup.
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Introduction
it, and Hands-On Labs, Inc. – the publisher of the lab manual and the producer of LabPaqs –
and users accept full and complete responsibility for all and any liability related to their use of
available at www.LabPaq.com.
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Introduction
Science lab Safety Reinforcement Agreement
organize all required equipment and supplies.
I will select a work area that is inaccessible to children and pets while experiments are in
a chemical equipment is set up unless the room is locked.
I will wear safety goggles when working with chemicals or items that can get into my eyes.
I know that except for water, most solvents, such as toluene, alcohols, acetone, ethers,
I know it is wise to wear rubber gloves and goggles when handling acids and other
wash acid spilled on skin or clothes immediately with plenty of cold water.
be used when smelling any chemical. When I wish to smell a chemical, I will never hold it
Even a small crack can cause glass to break, especially when heated. To avoid cuts and
injuries, I will immediately dispose of any broken glassware.
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Introduction
for several minutes.
I know that serious accidents can occur when wrong chemicals are used in an experiment.
I will always read labels before removing chemicals from their containers.
chemical to its original container. To avoid waste I will try to pour only the approximate
amount of chemicals required.
I know
doctor if required.
other materials as well.
I will never eat, drink, or smoke while performing experiments.
laboratory equipment in a safe place inaccessible to children and pets.
safety and the safety of others whenever and wherever I am involved with any type of
prescribed in this lab manual for laboratory work and for the use of a LabPaq. Accordingly, I
any and all liability related to my purchase and/or use of a science LabPaq or any other science
products or materials provided by Hands-On Labs, Inc. (HOL).
____________________________________________________
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© Hands-On Labs, Inc.
LABPAQ BY
HANDS ON LABS
EXPERIME NTS
Exp E rim E nt
Climate Change and the
Hands on labs, inc.
Version 42-0045-00-01
Review the safety materials and wear goggles when
you will need and set aside a safe work space in
Experiment Summary:
soil samples with simulated pollen grains to assist
in determining climate changes that have occurred
collected in the soil pollen analysis to enhance their
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Experiment
Climate Change and the SCientifiC method
OBJECTIVES
Recognize how plant pollen can be used as an indicator of climate.
inhabited the area.
Learn how to create a climate change model from pollen data.
2 hours
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Experiment
Climate Change and the SCientifiC method
MATERIALS
M ATER i A l S
lABE l o R
B oX/BAg
Student provides
LabPaq provides
QT y
1
1
iTEM D ESCR i PT io N
Large aluminum foil pie pan
following: Bent Probe, Dropping Pipet,
Probe, Ruler in pocket, Scalpel with 2
Scissors, Tweezers
1
1
1
1
1
1
Soil Sample with Beads #1
Soil Sample with Beads #2
Soil Sample with Beads #3
Soil Sample with Beads #4
Soil Sample with Beads #5
Soil Sample with Beads #6
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Note:
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Experiment
Climate Change and the SCientifiC method
DISCUSSION AND REVIEW
Climate
used to describe the climate of a region includes temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure,
change, and, as a result, the climate of that region will also change. This change in climate over a
climate change
In order to study a climate change beyond the past 200 years, indirect evidence must be collected.
Paleobotanists
in a sediment core sample.
Figure 1: Pollen samples as seen through an
electron microscope
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Experiment
Climate Change and the SCientifiC method
Exercise 1: Pollen Study
contributed to the whole pollen sample.
PROCEDURE
The model sediment core depicted in Figure 2 below comprises six separate layers of the earth
ago.
Figure 2: Soil core, representing sediment layers that have
developed over a period of time.
1.
NoTE:
NoTE:
2. Before beginning, set up a data table similar to the Data Tables in the Lab Report Assistant
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Experiment
Climate Change and the SCientifiC method
3. Open soil sample #1.
4. Empty the soil sample #1 bag into the pie pan.
5.
from the soil sample.
6. Using the pollen and plant species color guide found in Table 1, count and record the number
7. Re-bag the soil and beads, clean the pie pan.
8. Repeat steps #3 through #7 for soil sample bags 2–6.
Table 1: Pollen and plant species color guide
Plant Species
Ponderosa pine
Bead Color
Red
Warm temperatures, dry air.
Yellow
Warm temperatures, dry air. Thrives in warmtemperate meadowlands.
Aspen
Blue
Thrives in areas with good soil moisture, such as
near creeks or rivers.
Engelmann spruce
Green
limber pine
White
Meadow grasses and
Cold temperatures with sub-alpine terrain.
Harsh climates. Strong winds, extreme cold
dominant species on mountains at tree line.
lodgepole pine
Pink
Bristlecone pine
Orange
Harsh temperatures and climates – similar
Purple
Sedges and mosses
Black
Alpine grasses and Daisies
Very cool temperatures. Thrives in alpine and
subalpine meadow sites with cool summers and
cold winters.
Cool temperatures and moist air. Thrive in higher
Brown
cold winters.
Willows
Tan
Alpine sage
Prefer glaciated regions of sub-alpine areas.
Thrive in wetland or areas with rivers.
Silver
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Experiment
Climate Change and the SCientifiC method
9. Calculate the percentage of pollen that comes from each species.
NoTE: To calculate the percentage of pollen from each species, total up the number of pollen
#2 had 13 aspen pollen grains, and the sediment layer had a total of 30 pollen grains, you
10.
plant type in Table 2, predict the climate for each sediment layer in Data Table 2.
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Experiment
Climate Change and the SCientifiC method
in Figure 3.
Figure 3: The general steps of the scientific method.
will use the second step to research what is already published and known about their broad
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Experiment
Climate Change and the SCientifiC method
The third step is to make a hypothesis. A hypothesis is an educated guess of what you expect the
results of an experiment to show. A hypothesis is generally framed as a statement, which will
either be proved or disproved through the remainder of the steps.
The sixth step is to determine if your conclusions support, or disprove your hypothesis. It is very
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Experiment
Climate Change and the SCientifiC method
PROCEDURE
NoTE:
In Exercise 1, simulated soil samples were analyzed for pollen content to reconstruct a past climate
= What is the climate of this
= Analyzed sediment samples
to reconstruct climate.
Figure 4: Scientific method steps, incorporating Exercise 1.
Hypotheses
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Experiment
Climate Change and the SCientifiC method
1.
hypotheses in Data Table 3.
2.
2 to test each hypothesis.
NoTE:
layer to determine if the climate temperature generally increased from layer 6 to layer 1.
3. Compile your research for each hypothesis and record it in Data Table 4.
4.
each hypothesis. Record your results and conclusions in Data Table 5.
NoTE:
4, your results and conclusions should be a sentence summary of your research and data
one sentence.
5. From your result and/or conclusion determine if the hypothesis was correct or incorrect, and
record in Data Table 6.
6. For any hypothesis that was found to be incorrect, rewrite it to support your results and/or
NoTE:
7. Share your results with another person by explaining your hypotheses to a friend. Record the
name of the friend you shared your results with in Data Table 8.
8. Clean-up from Exercise 1 and Exercise 2 by cleaning and returning all equipment to your
LabPaq box for future use.
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Experiment
Climate Change and the SCientifiC method
Hands on labs, inc.
Version 42-0045-00-01
L AB REPORT ASSISTANT
Exercise 1: Pollen Study
OBSERVATIONS
Data Table 1: Sediment Layer Data
1
Plant Species
Meadow
grasses and
Count
2
%
Count
3
%
Count
4
%
Count
5
%
Count
Aspen
limber pine
lodgepole
pine
Sedges and
Mosses
Ponderosa
pine
Engelmann
spruce
Bristlecone
pine
Willows
Alpine
grasses and
Daisies
Alpine sage
Total pollen
count
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6
%
Count
%
Experiment
Climate Change and the SCientifiC method
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Experiment
Climate Change and the SCientifiC method
layer
1
2
3
4
5
6
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Experiment
Climate Change and the SCientifiC method
QUESTIONS
A. Discuss the importance of a large sampling of data such as pollen. Give an example to support
your statement.
B. Clearly describe why pollen grains are good climate indicators.
C.
D.
layer 6 to layer 1.
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Experiment
Climate Change and the SCientifiC method
OBSERVATIONS
Hypothesis
1
2
3
4
5
Data Table 4: Hypothesis research
Hypothesis
1
2
3
4
5
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Experiment
Climate Change and the SCientifiC method
Data Table 5: Hypothesis Results and Conclusions
Hypothesis
1
2
3
4
5
general Result and/or Conclusion ( one sentence)
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Experiment
Climate Change and the SCientifiC method
Data Table 6: Hypothesis Correct?
Hypothesis
1
2
3
4
5
Correct / incorrect
Data Table 7: List of the Final Hypotheses
1
2
3
4
5
Data Table 8: Share your results
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Exp E rim E nt
Habitats and Humans
Margaret Vorndam, M.S.
Version 42-0065-00-01
Review the safety materials and wear goggles when
you will need and set aside a safe work space in
Experiment Summary:
Students will have the opportunity to describe
the community.
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Experiment
Habitats and Humans
OBJECTIVES
The student will have the opportunity to:
Describe the impacts that humans cause on the environment.
: Allow 4-8 hours for this experiment.
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Experiment
Habitats and Humans
MATERIALS
M ATER i A l S
lABE l o R B oX/
BAg
Student provides
QT y
1
1
1
1
iTEM D ESCR i PT io N
Paper
Pens or pencils in several colors
Computer,
word
processor,
or
spreadsheet program (recommended)
Calculator
Note:
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Experiment
Habitats and Humans
DISCUSSION AND REVIEW
Humans are part of an ecosystem/ecoregion
ecosystem/ecoregion as the non-human species that populate it. Humans have been able to
address concerns about lifestyle in ecosystems/ecoregions with tools, like symbolic language,
The earth has seven types of biomes or bioregions: tundra, taiga, temperate forest, tropical
rainforest, desert, grassland, and ocean. Each biome has its own unique climate, biological
by plants (
) and animals (fauna
shelter available to them.
that could inhabit any given area. The animals and plants we see today had to successfully adapt
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Experiment
Habitats and Humans
Exercise 1: Classify your Habitat
In this exercise you will explore the natural infrastructure that supports human occupancy. First,
take a look at the physical world in which you live. You may reside in a city or on a ranch, but focus
PROCEDURE
Explore the website, Ecological Subregions of the United States, located at www.fs.fed.us/land/
pubs/ecoregions/index.html.
1.
2. Record your town, state or province, and country in Data Table 1.
3. Go to www.fs.fed.us/land/pubs/ecoregions/ecoregions.html and locate the area in which you
live on the map.
4.
Table 1.
5.
Contents at www.fs.fed.us/land/pubs/ecoregions/toc.html.
a.
b.
c.
and fauna habits and ecology.
d.
Conduct an Internet search or call the local nature center, library, or Audubon Society for
6.
walk in several undisturbed areas such as parks, roadsides, river trails, or nature centers and
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Experiment
Habitats and Humans
7.
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Experiment
Habitats and Humans
Exercise 2: Human impacts on the Environment
niches
constantly recycles. The system has been sustainable for as long as it has existed. Consider this
example habitat: soil-plant-bug-robin-waste-fungus breakdown. Every niche in this example
performs nicely in recycling,
on their food source, the plants. Eventually the plants would disappear and the bugs would starve.
and decomposer. As an example, birds are consumers that eat seeds. Towhees eat seeds on the
ground, while Red-wing Blackbirds eat seeds primarily from the heads of wetland plant species.
between species. If the community structure is disturbed in some way, the associated niches are
Table 1
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Experiment
Habitats and Humans
Just like plants and animals, humans need air, water, food, and shelter. Our employment, whether
If one of the items that supports our niche is somehow changed, our niche must adjust. Beyond
the human community cause the niches of the plants and animals found in the larger natural
community to adjust.
Figure 1: Source of air pollution.
Ideally, both humans and non-humans would share resources, so the needs for all could be met.
areas. Leaded gasoline, burned in automobiles, resulted in the buildup of lead in roadside soils
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Experiment
Habitats and Humans
environment and ourselves.
Figure 2: Water pollution. How might this affect the food supply?
or disturbed, non-vegetated areas cause turbidity in streams and lakes. This increases the growth
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Experiment
Habitats and Humans
PROCEDURE
1. Label the items on Figure 3 that would be equivalent to the producer, consumer, and
decomposer roles of the food chain.
2.
represent the recyclable pathway for the movement of energy and nutrients.
3. Label the energy input and nutrient input sources that drive the growth and storage of
carbohydrates in the grain used to make the bread.
4.
create the bread.
5.
if you think of other impacts.
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Experiment
Habitats and Humans
Figure 3: Environmental impacts in human food production
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Experiment
Habitats and Humans
Table 2 –
Acid mine drainage to waterways caused
Increased salt content in agricultural
raising river alkalinity
or damage
soil areas to waterways that increases
water turbidity
natural habitat
waterways
Flight and electrical hazards for birds of
Use
of
non-renewable
resources
etc.
which are not easily degraded
solvents that contaminate waterways
niches in the natural community
(Footnotes)
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Experiment
Habitats and Humans
Habitats and Humans
Margaret Vorndam, M.S.
Version 42-0065-00-01
L AB REPORT ASSISTANT
OBSERVATIONS
Data Table 1:
Town, Province or State, Country
Average Annual Temperature:
Annual high, month of occurrence:
Annual low, month of occurrence:
Average wind speed:
Describe the climate.
Other climate factors of importance:
species1.
Describe the fauna (animals).
area during parts of the year.
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Habitats and Humans
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Experiment
Habitats and Humans
Exercise 1: Classify your Habitat
QUESTIONS
A.
B. What did you learn about the species that you did not know before?
C. Do any of the species have economic value to humans? If so, how are they used?
D. What steps are being taken in your community to preserve open space areas? You may be
E.
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Experiment
Habitats and Humans
F.
G.
was the cause?
H.
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Experiment
Habitats and Humans
I.
J.
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Experiment
Habitats and Humans
Exercise 2: Human impacts on the Environment
PROCEDURE
QUESTIONS
A.
necessarily occur in your local community?
B.
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Habitats and Humans
C.
D. Draw a similar diagram to Figure 3 that documents ways that bread could be produced with
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Experiment
Habitats and Humans
E.
F.
sustainable? What will have to change for this to happen?
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Habitats and Humans
G.
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Habitats and Humans
H.
uses of the environment?
I.
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Exp E rim E nt
Taxonomy of living Things
Margaret E. Vorndam, M.S.
Version 42-0123-00-01
Review the safety materials and wear goggles when
you will need and set aside a safe work space in
Experiment Summary:
Students will learn the Carolus Linnaeus method
Fungi. Students will choose a virus to research
mushroom spores and Saccharomyces cerevisiae
microscopically. Students will gather a lichen sample
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Taxonomy of Living Things
OBJECTIVES
The student will have the opportunity to:
Describe the ecology and physiology of these organisms.
Understand their importance in the environment.
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Experiment
Taxonomy of Living Things
MATERIALS
M ATER i A l S
lABE l o R B oX/
BAg
Student provides
QT y
1
1
1
1
1
1
iTEM D ESCR i PT io N
Envelope to store lichen sample
Small bowl or glass jar
Tablespoon
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
open
Pen knife or similar tool
Sharp knife
Sugar
Tap water
Scraping of lichen from a rock, generally
found in north-facing or protected areas
1
1
1
1
LabPaq provides
Slide Box BK-2B
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1
1
56
Calculator
Computer, word processor and
spreadsheet program recommended
Paper, pen or pencil
Slide – Bacteria types
©Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Taxonomy of Living Things
DISCUSSION AND REVIEW
1
.
name for a given organism includes a:
level of Homo sapiens
is designated in the table also on the second line to show how similar species share much of
Hominoidea superfamily with humans
chimpanzees, the species believed to be most closely aligned in the Pongo family with human
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Eukarya
Animalia
Eukarya
Eukarya
Class
order
Super-family
Family
genus
Species
Chordata
Primates
Hominoidea
Hominidae
Homo
sapiens
Animalia
Chordata
Primates
Hominoidea
Hominidae
Homo
sapiens
Animalia
Chordata
Primates
Hominoidea
Hominidae
Pan
Subspecies
troglodytes
neanderthalensis
Typically, the
genus (capitalized) and the species (lowercased) name and should be italicized or underlined. The
Homo sapiens
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Taxonomy of Living Things
share.
sequences. All members of any given clade are descended from a single common ancestor,
2
the…
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How It Works
To make an Order you only need to click on “Order Now” and we will direct you to our Order Page. Fill Our Order Form with all your assignment instructions. Select your deadline and pay for your paper. You will get it few hours before your set deadline.
Are there Discounts?
All new clients are eligible for 20% off in their first Order. Our payment method is safe and secure.