UMUC Biology102 lab 5

26 Jun UMUC Biology102 lab 5

Question
Grade: __ /27 points

Participate in the lab 5 study group before Sunday March 4 for an additional 8 points.

Your Name: _______________________

Save your document as “first_name last_name Lab 5.doc” and submit in assignment folder.

UMUC Biology 102

Lab5: Taxonomy

Experiment 1: Classification of Objects (14 points)
Questions
1. Did you find that the items grouped together as you worked down the flow chart had similar characteristics in terms of their appearance? What about function?

2. Do you feel that the questions asked were appropriate? What questions would you have asked? What objects would be grouped together with your system?

3. Pick 10 household items (e.g. spoon, book, paper clip, etc.) and design a taxonomic classification system to categorize them, similar to the one in figure 15.2.

4. Can you devise a different classification system for the objects used in this experiment that would distinguish each in as many, or fewer steps?

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Experiment 2: Classification of Organisms (13 points)

Procedure
Table 2: Key Characteristics of some organisms
Organism

Kingdom

Defined Nucleus

Mobile

Cell Wall

Photosynthesis

Unicellular

E. coli

?

?

Protozoa

?

?

?

?

Mushroom

?

?

Sunflower

?

?

?

Bear

?

?

QUESTIONS
1. Did this series of questions correctly organize each organism? Why or why not?

2. What additional questions would you ask to further categorize the items within the kingdoms (hint: think about other organisms in the kingdom and what makes them different than the examples used here)?

3. Do you feel that the questions asked were appropriate? What questions would you have asked?

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The below is all supplementary material.

Kingdoms

Lab 5

Taxonomy

56

Lab 5: Taxonomy

57

Introduction

Taxonomy is the classification (organization) of organisms into related groups. Many individuals have

developed various systems to classify organisms. Since we cannot go into all of them here, we will focus

on the most widely accepted, the Linnaean system.

Carolus Linnaeus classified organisms into two broad kingdoms ? Plantae and Animalia. He also popularized

the use of binomial nomenclature where the first name signifies the genus and the second

name signifies the species. This nomenclature utilizes Latin because, at the time, it was a language

used by most of the scientific world.

The taxonomic classification of organisms is based on structural and physiological similarities. Recently,

scientists have begun using the taxonomic classification method to classify organisms based on

genetic information (phylogenetic similarities) rather than structural information.

There is a continual increase in specificity as organisms are classified into smaller and smaller categories

(Figure 1). In other words, the categories get smaller in terms of the number of organisms that are

included, with the smallest widely accepted category being “sub?species”.

It is important to remember that taxonomy is highly dependent on biology, particularly anatomy and

physiology. In fact, one of many, but the most widely accepted definition of a species is that its members

can interbreed and create viable offspring.

Under this definition; a lion and a tiger can interbreed and produce offspring (liger), but since the liger

is sterile, lions and tigers are not considered the same species. However, a Labrador Retriever and

Poodle can produce offspring that are not sterile (the offspring is commonly called aLabradoodle).

Thus they are considered the same species.

Looking at Figure 1, imagine you are standing at the bottom of a large tree with many branches. While

on the ground you can see the whole tree (the trunk, large branches and small branches), but as you

begin to climb up the tree you can no longer see the whole tree, only the smaller branches. It’s the

Concepts to explore:

??Taxonomy

??Linnaean system

??Binomial nomenclature

??Taxonomic vs. phylogenetic classifications

Lab 5: Taxonomy

58

same concept for classification. Starting at the

“bottom” (or the domain) many organisms are included,

but as you move “up” the classification system,

more are excluded and fewer remain.

As illustrated in Figure 1, the Linnaean system classifies

organisms into sequential groups:

??Domain

??Kingdom

??Phylum

??Class

??Order

??Family

??Genus

??Species

Sub?species are used in some classifications and is

generally well accepted, but not always included in

the Linnaean system.

A useful tool to remembering the order of the Linnaean classification system is developed by creating a

mnemonic phrase using the first letter of each classification. For example,Daring KidsPick Cauliflower

OverFresh GrownStrawberries

Robert Whittaker and others expanded the Linnean

system to three domains: Eukarya, Archaea,

and Bacteria; and six kingdoms: Archaea bacteria, Bacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

This is the system commonly used in science today. Table 1 illustrates how you would classify a

human being and a red maple tree.

Table 1: Classification of humans and a red maple tree

Example:Human Being Red Maple

Domain Eukarya Eukarya

Kingdom Animalia Plantae

Phylum Chordata Tracheophyta

Class Mammalia Angiospermae

Order Primates Sapindales

Family Hominidae Acerceae

Genus Homo Acer

Species Sapien Acer rubrum

Make your own mnemonic phrase:

_______________________________________

Figure 1: Taxonomy Tree

Lab 5: Taxonomy

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Experiment 1: Classification of common objects

In this exercise, we will take common objects and group them into “taxonomic” categories.

Procedure

1. Spread the materials out on the table.

2. Use the flow chart (Figure 2 in the back of this lab) to classify the objects. Simply answer the

questions for each object and place them in the proper groups. Fill in all the boxes along the way.

If the box says “ok” in it, only one object fits in this category. Next to that box, write the object

that is being described.

Questions

1. Did you find that the items grouped together as you worked down the flow chart had similar characteristics

in terms of their appearance? What about function?

2. Do you feel that the questions asked were appropriate? What questions would you have asked?

What objects would be grouped together with your system?

Materials

Pencil*

Permanent Marker

Marble

Bead (hole in the center)

Ruler

Straw

Washer

Hexagonal nut

Button

Figure 2 (flow chart) at the end of

the lab

*You must provide

Lab 5: Taxonomy

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3. Pick 10 household items (e.g. spoon, book, paper clip, etc.) and design a taxonomic classification

system to categorize them, similar to the one in Figure 2.

4. Can you devise a different classification system for the objects used in this experiment that would

distinguish each in as many, or fewer steps?

Experiment 2: Classification of organisms

In this exercise, we have provided key characteristics for several organisms.

Organism Kingdom Defined Nucleus Mobile Cell Wall Photosynthesis Unicellular

E. coli

Protozoa

Mushroom

Sunflower

Bear

Materials

Use Table 2 below as well as the “tree” (Figure 3) attached at the end

of the lab.

Lab 5: Taxonomy

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Table 2: Key characteristics of some organisms

Procedure

1. Using the “tree” located at the back of this lab, start at the base, take one organism at a time and

answer each question until the organism reaches the end of a “branch”. Write the organisms name

in the green box.

2.After classification, fill in Table 2 with the correct kingdom for each organism.

Questions

1. Did this series of questions correctly organize each organism? Why or why not?

2. What additional questions would you ask to further categorize the items within the kingdoms (hint:

think about other organisms in the kingdom and what makes them different than the examples

used here)?

3. Do you feel that the questions asked were appropriate? What questions would you have asked?

Lab 5: Taxonomy

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Figure 2

Yes No

Yes No

Yes

Is the Object

Cylindrical or Round?

Is there a hole

in the center of

the object?

Is the object

smooth on the outside?

(no angles)?

Is the object metal?

Is the object

longer than 5 cm?

Does the object

have more than one

hole?

Is the object used

for writing?

Is there permanent

ink on the object?

No

No

No

No

No

Yes

Start

Ok

Ok

Ok Ok

Ok

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Ok

Ok

Ok Ok

Lab 5: Taxonomy

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Figure 3

Defined Nucleus?

Mobile?

Cell Wall?

Performs

Photosynthesis?

Yes

Yes

Yes

Start

No

No

No

No

Yes

Kingdom: Bacteria

Kingdom: Fungi

Kingdom: Plant

Kingdom: Animal

Kingdom: Protist