26 Jun This is a physiology class. Please answer each question
Question
Reading Quiz 3
Objectives:
Know the steps of reflex pathways
Distinguish between response loop and feedback loop
Understand differences between local and reflex control, including chemical signals specific to
each
Understand that term receptor has different uses
Be acquainted with intracellular vs. cell membrane receptors
Understand generally how signal transduction works
Recognize 2nd messengers cAMP, etc
Learn Cannons postulates
1.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Which are true of a reflex pathway? (10 pts)
The receptors that detect the stimulus are membrane proteins such as receptor-enzymes.
The afferent pathway conveys the stimulus to the integrating center.
The efferent is the cell or tissue that carries out the response.
The integrating center continuously monitors the environment for a particular parameter.
More than one is correct.
2.
a.
b.
c.
d.
In a pathway involving endocrine control of the target tissue, the efferent is (10 pts)
always an efferent (also known as motor) neuron
always a hormone
an endocrine gland or cell
impossible to predict
3.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
In mammals, a physiological reflex (10 pts)
consists of a response loop and a feedback loop
is necessary for widespread (also known as systemic) responses to occur
follows a stereotypical pattern: stimulus sensor etc.
more than one
none of the above
4.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Positive feedback loops (10 pts)
anticipate change and prevent the initial disturbance
have a positive impact on homeostasis
end with a response
reinforce the stimulus
more than one of the above
5. Nitric oxide is a lipophilic molecule that can be classified as a paracrine or a neurotransmitter,
depending on the circumstance. If nitric oxide is acting as a paracrine, then it (choose all correct) (20 pt)
a. is specifically released from an axon terminal
b. must bind to a cell membrane receptor
c. acts ONLY on neighboring cells
d. is a form of local control
6.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
A ligand diffuses into the cell, and binds to a nuclear receptor. In this scenario: (10 pts)
the receptor could be a GPCR
cAMP could be upregulated as a result
the ligand is a hydrophilic molecule
synthesis of a protein such as a metabolic enzyme could be upregulated as a result
more than one
7.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Signal transduction pathways (choose all correct) (10 pts)
are the same thing as reflex pathways
always result in upregulation of cAMP
transduce an intracellular signal to an extracellular response
amplify the original signal
8. In the nonbiological example of a response loop given in the textbook, the heater and air conditioner
controlling the temperature illustrate which of Cannons postulates? (10 pts)
a. role of the nervous system in maintaining fitness
b. tonic control
c. antagonistic control
d. same chemical, different effects
e. none
9.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Which are true of membrane or cytoplasmic receptors? (10 pts)
these receptors are whole cells or multicellular structures
number of receptors in a cell can be up-regulated or down-regulated.
the receptors in a cell cannot saturate
a ligand that activates the receptor is known as an agonist
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