Seaport ECOL100 Final exam

27 Jun Seaport ECOL100 Final exam

Question
1. The system responsible for defense against disease and harmful substances is the

circulatory system

endocrine system

immune system

excretory system

skeletal system

2. Human inputs of outdoor air pollutants occur mostly

in rural areas

in the mountains

along the oceans

in urban areas

in the deserts

3. Of the following materials, the MOST difficult to recycle is

glass

plastic

paper

aluminum

cardboard

4. Which of the following is the LEAST desirable from an environmental standpoint?

repair

reduce

reuse

compost

recycle

5. Photochemical smog is formed when primary pollutants interact with

sunlight

water vapor

sulfur dioxide

oxygen

carbon

6. Four of the following are means of transmitting the HIV virus from person to person, one is not such a means. Choose the one that is not.

unsafe sex

sneezing and coughing

exposure to unsafe blood

sharing needles by drug users

infected mothers passing the virus to offspring before or during birth

7. Most of earth’s weather occurs in the

troposphere

thermosphere

mesosphere

stratosphere

tropopause

8. Approximately 70% of the U.S.’s electronic waste (ewaste) ends up

buried or incinerated

recycled

shipped to India

shipped to China

shipped to Africa

9. Which of the following is NOT a major recent trend in urban population dynamics

numbers and sizes of urban areas is growing very fast

poverty is becoming increasingly urbanized mostly in developing countries

urban growth is much lower in developed countries than developing countries

proportion of world population living in urban areas is increasing

decline in hypercities

10. Chlorofluorocarbons are

nontoxic

corrosive

odorous

flammable

reactive

11. Which of the following is not a harmful effect of plastic bags

spread malaria

kills plants

kills animals

kills marine animals

none of these

12. Compost is MOST accurately described as

manure

landfill byproducts

pure garbage

soil conditioner and organic fertilizer

humus

13. When more roads are built, more cars are sold. Then more roads are built. This interaction exemplifies a(n)

positive feedback loop

negative feedback loop

synergistic interaction

antagonistic interaction

negative, synergistic interaction

14. The MOST energy-efficient beverage container on the market is

reusable glass

recyclable aluminum

stainless steel

recyclable plastic

carton

15. In cultural eutrophication, fish die from

acid deposition

suffocation due to depletion of dissolved oxygen

toxic substances in the water

increased sediment reducing habitats

loss of space

16. Typical rain in the eastern US is at least _____ times more acidic than what normal precipitation should be

2

5

10

20

50

17. Refillable glass and PET beverage containers can be used ____ times before they become too damaged and need to be recycled.

3

5

7

10

15

18. A good indicator of water quality is the number of

ducks

fish

turtles

coliform bacteria

protozoa

19. The Lyme disease bacterium is passed onto humans directly from

foxes

deer

white mice

filed mice

ticks

20. ________relates to the amount of a potentially toxic substance as it passes through food chains and webs.

Toxicity

Biomagnification

Persistence

Response

Dose

21. What do all volatile organic compounds have in common?

All are carbon based.

All are produced from manmade sources.

All are emitted fro processing and/or burning fossil fuels.

All are colorless, odorless reactive gases.

All are naturally occurring and odorless gases found in rocks and vegetation.

22. Environmentalists say that the best way to handle soft drink and beer containers is to

use landfills

use paper bottles

use stainless steel cans

use reusable glass bottles and PET containers and recycle

bury them

23. The five main types of hazards include all of the following, EXCEPT

biological hazards

natural hazards

economic hazards

physical hazards

chemical hazards

24. The effects of ozone depletion on humans includes all of the following, EXCEPT

more cataracts

suppression of immune system

more brain cancers

worse sunburns

more skin cancers

25. The atmospheric layer containing 75% of the mass of earth’s air is the

thermosphere

mesosphere

stratosphere

troposphere

tropopause

26. The process by which individuals and groups tries to influence or control the policies and actions of governments is known as

lobbying

policy making

politics

all of these answers

none of these answers

27. A lawsuits filed by a corporation or developer against citizens who publicly criticize a business for an activity is called

a frivolous lawsuit

a nuisance lawsuit

a statutory suit

a regulatory suit

a SLAPP

28. Countries whose environment has been severely degraded may be characterized by any of the following, EXCEPT

deterioration of vital infrastructure

increased immigration

allegiance to warlords

breakdown of law and order

violent internal conflict or civil war

29. Levying taxes on each unit of pollution discharged into the air or water is an example of

tradable pollution rights

charging user fees

regulation

green taxes

subsidies for beneficial actions

30. Markets do well in the production and distribution of private goods, but are not so good at

accumulating resources

distribution of resources

public services

protecting sources of information

developing strategies

31. Which of the following activities would NOT be permitted in a National Wildlife Refuge?

oil and gas development

hunting and fishing

military activities

farming and grazing

all of these are permitted

32. The body of statements defining what is acceptable environmental behavior for individuals, groups, businesses and nations, is

common law

administrative law

statutory law

environmental law

civil law

33. Almost ____ of American households have no reasonable access to bus or train service.

10%

25%

42%

50%

75%

34. Which of the following is NOT one of the guideline for living more sustainably?

Do not degrade or deplete the earth’s natural capital.

repair ecological damage

Do not waste matter and energy resources.

protect biodiversity

Encourage more technological answers to problems.

35. Ecological and environmental economists consider which of the following to be a basic cause of environmental degradation, pollution, poor health, and premature death?

taxes on wages, income, wealth

using tradable permits or rights to pollute

government subsidies

laws and regulations to prevent pollution

poverty

36. What was the major point learned in the 1991 Biosphere 2 experiment?

How to recycle waste and wastewater.

How to grow a rainforest in an enclosed area.

CO2 recycling is really difficult

Humans cannot engineer life-supporting systems as well as nature.

Extinction is inevitable.

37. Participation in the environmental problems we face is often accompanied by falling into one or more traps. Which of the following is one of these traps?

unsustainable pessimism

blind technology optimism

principle of enoughness

paralysis by analysis

faith in simple, easy answers

38. Which branch of government is responsible for overseeing the agencies that carry out government policies?

judicial

executive

legislative

administrative

military

39. A team of ecologists and economists estimated that the ecological services provided by the earth’s forests are worth at least ___ a year?

$1.2 trillion

$2.7 trillion

$3.8 trillion

$4.7 trillion

$5.3 trillion

40. New and more innovative business replacing older ones that can no longer thrive under changing economic conditions is known as

free market system

economic competition

economic succession

neoclassical economics

environmental economics

41. Which country is one of the leaders in making a shift to more environmenttally sustainable society by developing a national green plan?

The United States

Switzerland

Japan

Australia

The Netherlands

42. Since 1980, the gap between the rich and the poor has

disappeared

increased

stayed the same

decreased

stayed the same and then decreased

43. Which of the following worldviews would include the concept that when we use the earth’s natural capital we are borrowing from the earth and future generations?

planetary management

stewardship

free-market school

spaceship earth

environmental wisdom

44. Which of the following worldviews understands the earth to be a complex machine that we can understand, dominate, change, and manage for everyone’s good without overloading natural systems?

spaceship-earth

planetary management

environmental wisdom

biocentric

stewardship

45. Which of the following countries did not adopt Agenda 21, the global agenda for sustainable development in the 21st century?

Russia

England

United States

Australia

Canada

46. Who of the following is responsible for establishing the Village Bank and its policy of microloans?

Denis Hayes

Aldo Leopold

Muhammad Yunus

Wangari Maathai

Tyler Miller

47. The measurement of the annual economic value of all goods and services within a country is called the

GDP

GNP

HPI

GNH

NIH

48. Which of the following is part of the environmental wisdom worldview?

Success is managing the earth’s systems for ourselves.

Success is managing the earth by dominating, changing, and managing the earth for everyone.

Success is economic growth, development, better management, and technology.

Success is learning how nature sustains itself and integrating this into our actions.

Success is understanding nature to dominate, change, and manage it.

49. Hiding the harmful environmental costs from the market prices of goods and services causes all of the following, EXCEPT

hides costs from consumers

hinder development of environmentally beneficial green goods and services

promotes pollution

promotes environmental degradation

causes increases in prices

50. Most environmental lawsuits are

nuisance suits

regulatory suits

civil suits

class action suits

criminal suits

51. Sick Building Syndrome is linked to all of the following, EXCEPT

headaches

coughing and sneezing

lung cancer

chronic fatigue

burning eyes

52. During the mid-1900s, the spread of malaria decreased sharply from all of the following, EXCEPT

draining swamplands

draining marshes

spraying breeding areas with DDT and other pesticides

using drugs to kill the parasites in the bloodstream

a new vaccine

53. Without changing what we are doing to the environment, the projected amount of warming by the year 2100 is

2 degrees C

3 degrees C

4 degrees C

5 degrees C

6 degrees C

54. Lake Washington, near Seattle, was degraded by the growth of which of the following?

coliform bacteria

protozoans

snails

aquatic plants

cyanobacteria

55. What is the big deal about the atmosphere getting a few degrees warmer?

may raise the ocean level

may kill off the coral in the oceans

may cause warm weather plants to move further north or south

may move weather patterns around

may cause a very rapid global change in climate

56. Some individuals can be responsive and highly susceptible to a number of different toxins. This is referred to as

an acute effect

a chronic effect

multiple chemical sensitivity

an antagonistic reaction

a synergistic reaction

57. Which of the following NOT a reason the incidence of tuberculosis is increasing?

strains of the TB bacterium that have developed resistance to antibiotics

population growth

weakened immune systems from the spread of AIDS

air travel

effects of global warming

58. In general, acid deposition has harmful effects for terrestrial ecosystems when it falls below a pH level of

3.6

4.6

5.6

6.6

7.6

59. Which of the following is not a characteristic of PCBs?

is a carcinogen

is a teratogen

breakdown very slowly

are found almost everywhere

none of these answers

60. A person experiencing dizziness after using a strong household cleaner is showing

a chronic effect

a sensitive effect

a hypersensitive effect

an acute effect

a chronic effect

61. Climate models predict that global warming will be most severe in which regions?

desert regions

equatorial regions

polar regions

ocean regions

land masses

62. Harmful chemicals emitted directly into the air from natural processes and human activities are called

secondary pollutants

smog

photochemical smog

tertiary pollutants

primary pollutants

63. According to a 2009 EPA report, between 1980 and 2008 the combined emissions of six major air pollutants decreased by how much?

17%

23%

36%

49%

54%

64. The system responsible for growth, reproductive development, and much of our behavior is the

circulatory system

endocrine system

immune system

excretory system

digestive system

65. Which of the following is NOT a strategy for reducing the threat of climate change?

Improve energy efficiency.

Shift from fossil fuels to a mix of carbon-free energy resources.

Stop cutting down tropical forests.

Capture and store as much carbon dioxide as possible.

use of fossil fuels.

66. Over the past 200 years, the acidity of the ocean surface has increased by what percentage?

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

67. Which of the following is NOT one of the world’s leading greenhouse gas producer?

India

European Union

China

Brazil

none of these answers

68. All of the following chemicals are ozone-depleters, EXCEPT

methyl bromide

PCBs

halons

methyl chloroform

CFCs

69. Malaria is spread by

snails

flies

contaminated feces

certain types of mosquitoes

bacteria

70. Which of the following infectious diseases is NOT among the five most deadly?

pneumonia and flu

measles

malaria

tuberculosis

HIV/AIDS

71. Acid deposition is best classified as a

local problem

state problem

regional problem

national problem

international problem

72. In a warmer world, which of the following organisms are likely to be hardest hit?

polar bears

insects

weeds

fungi

all of these answers

73. All of the following are non-transmissible diseases EXCEPT

heart disease

most cancers

Measles

malnutrition

asthma

74. The correct sequence of layers of the atmosphere from innermost to outermost is

mesosphere—stratosphere—thermosphere—troposphere

troposphere—stratosphere—mesosphere—thermosphere

stratosphere—thermosphere—troposphere—mesosphere

thermosphere—stratosphere—mesosphere—troposphere

thermosphere—mesosphere—stratosphere—troposphere

75. The effects of neurotoxins can result in all of the following, EXCEPT

behavioral changes

learning disabilities

heart disease

attention deficit disorder

death

76. Vegetation improves the quality of life in urban areas by all of the following means, EXCEPT

providing oxygen

providing wildlife habitat

absorbing air pollutants

warming the air

reducing soil erosion

77. Levying taxes on each unit of pollution discharged into the air or water is an example of

tradable pollution rights

charging user fees

regulation

green taxes

subsidies for beneficial actions

78. The amount of solid waste produced in the United States each year would fill a convoy of garbage trucks stretching around the world almost

2 times

4 times

6 times

8 times

10 times

79. The Great Lakes possess ____% of all the surface fresh water in the United States.

35

95

75

55

45

80. Tradable environmental permits have all of the following advantages, EXCEPT

flexibility

easy to administer

self-monitoring of emissions can promote cheating

permit prices determined by market transactions

encourages pollution prevention and waste reduction

81. Which has NOT been a major factor promoting urban sprawl in the United States?

A surplus of rural open space is still available.

Federal loan guarantees to WWII veterans.

The Homestead Act still gives land cheaply away in many areas of the country.

Cheap gasoline.

Poor urban planning.

82. Which of the following aquatic ecosystems may be most capable of diluting, dispersing, and degrading large amounts of sewage, sludge, and oil?

estuary

swiftly flowing stream

deep-water ocean

coastal parts of the ocean

slow-moving river

83. Which of the following is a point source of water pollution?

offshore oil wells

livestock feedlots

urban lands

croplands

parking lots

84. Implementing sound principles concerning environmental issues policy makers around the world should follow all of the following principles, EXCEPT

make decisions that help to prevent a problem from occurring or becoming worse

Support scientific research to understand environmental changes.

understand nature and how our actions affect nature

encourage wide-spread use of energy alternative or technologies with low net-energy yield.

establish environmental policy so that no group of people bears unfair share of burden caused by pollution

85. New and more innovative businesses replacing older ones that can no longer thrive under changing economic conditions is known as?

free market system

economic competition

economic succession

economic transition

globalization

86. The natural nutrient enrichment of a shallow lake, estuary, or slow moving stream is called

oligotrophy

runoff

upwellings

red tides

eutrophication

87. Advantages of automobiles include all of the following, EXCEPT

symbols of power

mobility

air pollution

basis of much of world’s economy

convenience of use

88. Motor vehicle drivers paying for the full cost of the harmful effects of fossil fuel use is the application of the

precautionary principle

public access principle

human rights principle

polluter-pays principle

environmental justice principle

89. The U.S. population is

shifting to the north and east

shifting to the north and west

shifting to the south and east

shifting to the south and west

shifting to the north and south

90. Which of the following is NOT a principle of new urbanism?

Provide increased money for highway improvements to avoid traffic congestion.

Make most places in community within a 10 minute walk.

Provide mixed land uses in a small geographical area.

Emphasize beauty and aesthetics in architectural design.

Create development of land with minimal environmental impact.

91. Nearly __________ of Americans live in urban areas.

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

92. Bioplastics differ from convention plastics in that.

they are made from biologically based products

they break down slower

they are heavier

require more energy to produce

made from petrochemical products

93. In the United States, ____% of all urban transportation is by car.

58

68

78

88

98

94. One fish in _____ taken from the Great Lakes is unsafe for human consumption.

ten

seven

five

four

three

95. One way to attempt to deal with the solid wastes we create is to attempt to reduce the environmental impact without trying to reduce the amount of waste produced. This is called

waste reduction

waste prevention

secondary pollution prevention

primary pollution prevention

waste management

96. In 2006 the U.S. government subsidies to fossil fuel and nuclear industries totalled?

$12 billion

$26 billion

$39 billion

$47 billion

$56 billion

97. A free-market system operating without government interference requires that sellers

not coerce or mislead sellers or competitors

provide all the goods and services possible

not include all their indirect costs in the prices

increase profits by pushing others out of business

use all resources to their fullest

98. Large masses of floating plastics in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans are known as

Great Atlantic and Pacific Garbage Patches

Atlantic and Pacific Plastic Vortexes

Atlantic and Pacific Plastic Hotspots

Atlantic and Pacific Plastic Black Holes

None of these answers

99. With 4.6% of the world’s population, the United States produces about _____ of the world’s solid waste.

one-tenth

one-fifth

one-fourth

one-third

one-half

100. A body of water can be depleted of its oxygen by

viruses and parasitic worms

biodegradable wastes

sediments and suspended matter

organic compounds such as oil, plastics, solvents, and detergents

inorganic wastes