27 Jun Mendellian Genetics
Question
Experiment1:Punnettsquarecrosses
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Procedure
1. Setupandcomplete Punnettsquaresforeachofthefollowing crosses:(rememberY=yellow, andy=blue)
YYandYy YYandyy
a) Whataretheresultingphenotypes?
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b) Arethereanybluekernels? Howcanyoutell?
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2. Setupandcomplete aPunnettsquares foracrossoftwooftheF1from1babove:
a) WhatarethegenotypesoftheF2generation?
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b) Whataretheirphenotypes?
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c) Aretheremoreorlessbluekernels thanintheF1generation?
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3. Identifythefourpossible gametesproducedbythefollowingindividuals:
a) YYSs:
b) YySs:
c) CreateaPunnettsquareusingthesegametes asPanddeterminethegenotypesoftheF1:
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d) Whatarethephenotypes?Whatistheratioofthosephenotypes?
4. Youhavebeenprovidedwith4bagsofdifferent coloredbeads.Pour50ofthebluebeadsandyellow beadsintobeaker#1andmixthemaround.Pour50oftheredbeadsandgreenbeadsinbeaker#2andmixthem.
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· #1containsbeadsthatareeither yelloworblue.
· #2containsbeadsthatareeithergreenorred.
· Bothcontainapproximatelythesamenumberofeachcolored bead.
· Thesecolorscorrespondtothefollowingtraits(rememberthatY/yisforkernelcolorandS/sisforsmooth/wrinkled):
· Yellow(Y)vs.Blue(y) Green(S)vs.Red(s).
A. MonohybridCross:Randomly(withoutlooking)take2beadsoutof#1.
· Thisisthegenotypeofindividual#1,record thisinformation.Donotputthosebeadsbackintothebeaker.
· Repeatthisforindividual#2.Thesetwogenotypes areyourparents forthenextgeneration.SetupaPunnettsquareanddeterminethegenotypesandphenotypesforthiscross.
· Repeatthisprocess4times(5total). Putthebeadsbackintheirrespectivebeakerswhenfinished.
a) Howmuchgenotypic variationdoyoufindintherandomly pickedparentsofyourcrosses?
b) Howmuchintheoffspring?
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c) Howmuchphenotypicvariation?
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d) Istheratioofobservedphenotypesthesameastheratio ofpredictedphenotypes?Whyorwhynot?
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e) Poolalloftheoffspringfromyour5replicates.Howmuchphenotypicvariationdoyoufind?
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f) Whatisthedifferencebetweengenesandalleles?
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h) Organismsheterozygousforarecessive traitareoftencalled carriersofthattrait.Whatdoesthatmean?
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i) Inpeas,greenpods(G)aredominantoveryellowpods.Ifahomozygousdominant plantiscrossed withahomozygousrecessiveplant,whatwillbethephenotype oftheF1generation?IftwoplantsfromtheF1generationarecrossed, whatwillthephenotypeoftheiroffspring be?
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B. DihybridCross:Randomly(withoutlooking)take2beadsoutofbeaker #1AND2beadsoutofbeaker#2.
· Thesefourbeadsrepresentthegenotypeofindividual#1,recordthisinformation.
· Repeatthisprocesstoobtainthegenotypeofindividual#2.
a) Whataretheirphenotypes?
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b) Whatisthegenotypeofthegametestheycanproduce?
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· SetupaPunnett squareanddeterminethegenotypesandphenotypesforthiscross.
c) Whatisyourpredictedratio ofgenotypes?Hint:thinkbacktoourexample dihybridcross
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· Repeatthisprocess4times(foratotalof5trials).
d) Howsimilar aretheobservedphenotypesineachreplicate?
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e) Howsimilar aretheyifyoupoolyourdatafromeachofthe5replicates?
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f) Isitcloserorfurther fromyourprediction?
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g) Didtheresults fromthemonohybridordihybrid crossmostcloselymatchyourpredictedratioofphenotypes?
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h) Basedontheseresults; whatwouldyouexpectifyouwerelookingatacrossof5,10,20independentlysortedgenes?
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i) Whyisitsoexpensivetoproduceahybridplantseed?
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j) Incertainbacteria,anovalshape(S)isdominantoverroundandthickcellwalls(T)aredominantoverthin.Showacrossbetweenaheterozygousoval,thickcellwalledbacteriawitharound,thincellwalledbacteria. Whatarethephenotype oftheF1andF2offspring?
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5. Thelawofindependentassortmentallowsforgenetic recombination.Thefollowingequationcanbeusedtodetermine thetotalnumberofpossible genotypecombinationsforanyparticularnumberofgenes:
2g=Numberofpossiblegenotypecombinations(where “g”isthenumberofgenes)1gene: 21=2genotypes
2 genes:22=4genotypes
3 genes:23=8genotypes
.gif”>Consider thefollowinggenotype:YySsTt
.gif”>Wehavenowaddedthegeneforheight: Tall(T)orShort (t).
a) Howmanydifferent gametecombinationscanbeproduced?
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b) Manytraits(phenotypes),likeeyecolor,arecontrolledbymultiplegenes. Ifeyecolorwerecontrolledbythenumber ofgenesindicatedbelow,howmanypossiblegenotypecombinationswouldtherebe?
5:
10:
20:
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