30 Jun Internet Technologies and Information Services Chapter Summaries
Internet Technologies and Information Services Recent Titles in Library and Information Science Text Series Basic Research Methods for Librarians, Fifth Edition Lynn Silipigni Connaway and Ronald R. Powell Public Libraries in the 21st Century Ann E. Prentice Introduction to Technical Services, Eighth Edition G. Edward Evans, Jean Weihs, and Sheila S. Intner Science and Technology Resources: A Guide for Information Professionals and Researchers James E. Bobick and G. Lynn Berard Reference and Information Services: An Introduction, Fourth Edition Richard E. Bopp and Linda C. Smith, Editors Collection Management Basics, Sixth Edition G. Edward Evans and Margaret Zarnosky Saponaro Library and Information Center Management, Eighth Edition Barbara B. Moran, Robert D. Stueart, and Claudia J. Morner Information Resources in the Humanities and Arts, Sixth Edition Anna H. Perrault and Elizabeth Aversa, with contributing authors Cynthia Miller and Sonia Ramírez Wohlmuth The Collection Program in Schools: Concepts and Practices, Fifth Edition Kay Bishop The School Library Manager, Fifth Edition Blanche Woolls, Ann C. Weeks, and Sharon Coatney Young Adult Literature in Action: A Librarian’s Guide, Second Edition Rosemary Chance Children’s Literature in Action: An Educator’s Guide, Second Edition Sylvia M. Vardell INTERNET TECHNOLOGIES AND INFORMATION SERVICES Second Edition Joseph B. Miller Library and Information Science Text Series Copyright 2014 by ABC-CLIO, LLC All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Miller, Joseph B., 1952Internet technologies and information services / Joseph B. Miller. — Second edition. pages cm. — (Library and information science text series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-61069-473-5 (pbk: alk. paper) 1. Libraries and the Internet. 2. Libraries—Information technology. I. Title. Z674.75.I58M55 2014 020.285’4678—dc23 2014013761 ISBN: 978-1-61069-473-5 18 17 16 15 14 1 2 3 4 5 Libraries Unlimited An Imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC ABC-CLIO, LLC 130 Cremona Drive, P.O. Box 1911 Santa Barbara, California 93116-1911 This book is printed on acid-free paper Manufactured in the United States of America To my wife Susan, for a lifetime of love and support This page intentionally left blank Contents Preface …………………………………………………………………… xvii Acknowledgments ……………………………………………………..xxi PART 1: Internet Technologies 1·Introduction …………………………………………………….. 3 The Internet and the Changing IT World …………………….. 3 The Internet Defined ………………………………………………. 5 A Brief History of the Internet …………………………………… 5 Administration of the Internet ………………………………….. 7 Net Neutrality ……………………………………………………… 8 IT Foundations ………………………………………………………. 9 Computers: The Binary Machine …………………………….. 9 Client–Server Architecture ……………………………………. 13 The Internet and Technology Trends ……………………….. 13 Computing to Connecting …………………………………….. 13 Bandwidth ……………………………………………………….. 14 Going Mobile in a Post-PC World ……………………………. 15 There’s an App for That ………………………………………. 15 The Cloud ………………………………………………………… 16 Big Data…………………………………………………………… 16 Going Open Source …………………………………………….. 16 Internet-Based Collaboration ……………………………….. 17 The Long Tail ……………………………………………………. 17 The Internet of “Everything” …………………………………. 17 Summary ……………………………………………………………. 19 viii Contents Notes………………………………………………………………….. 20 References…………………………………………………………… 20 2·The World Wide Web…………………………………………. 23 The Development of the Web…………………………………… 23 Key Web Technologies: URLs, HTTP, and HTML …………. 25 The Invisible Web: Below the Surface ……………………….. 26 Web 2.0 ………………………………………………………………. 27 The Mobile Web ……………………………………………………. 27 The Social Web …………………………………………………….. 28 Blogs and RSS ……………………………………………………… 29 Wikis …………………………………………………………………… 29 Social Networking Sites …………………………………………. 29 Virtualization, Grids, and Clouds ……………………………. 30 Virtual Machines and Virtualization ………………………… 30 Grids …………………………………………………………………… 32 Cloud Computing ………………………………………………….. 33 Cloud Architecture …………………………………………….. 34 Cloud Application Examples ……………………………….. 35 Extending the Browser ………………………………………….. 36 Using the Web ……………………………………………………… 37 Information Seeking ………………………………………………. 37 eCommerce ………………………………………………………….. 37 The Web and Traditional Media………………………………. 38 Education …………………………………………………………….. 39 Summary ……………………………………………………………. 40 References…………………………………………………………… 40 3·Network and Connection Technologies ……………….. 43 Network Basics ……………………………………………………. 43 The OSI Network Reference Model …………………………… 44 Key Concepts and Terminology ……………………………….. 45 Network Hardware ……………………………………………….. 46 The Network Interface……………………………………………. 46 Packet Forwarding and Routing Hardware ………………. 46 Wired Network Topologies………………………………………. 47 Wireless Networks ………………………………………………… 50 Protocols: Rules for a Common Language …………………. 51 Ethernet……………………………………………………………… 52 Virtual Private Networks ………………………………………… 54 Proxy Servers ………………………………………………………. 54 Connecting to the Internet……………………………………… 55 The Internet Service Provider (ISP) …………………………… 55 Modems……………………………………………………………….. 56 Analog Phone Service: POTS and PSTN ……………………. 57 Broadband Services ………………………………………………. 57 Leased Telephone Lines …………………………………….. 58 Integrated Services Digital Network……………………… 58 Digital Subscriber Line ……………………………………….. 59 Contents ix Cable Broadband ………………………………………………. 59 Satellite Internet Service …………………………………….. 60 Fiber Options: FiOS Internet, U-Verse, and Google ……………………………………………………………… 60 Wi-Fi Broadband ……………………………………………….. 61 Mobile and Cellular Data Services …………………………… 62 Mobile Phones ………………………………………………………. 62 Mobile Layers……………………………………………………….. 63 Data Services ……………………………………………………….. 64 Broadband Technologies and the Digital Divide …………. 65 Summary ……………………………………………………………. 66 References…………………………………………………………… 67 4·Internet Technologies: TCP/IP …………………………… 69 Packet Switching and TCP/IP …………………………………. 69 IP Packet Address Headers …………………………………….. 71 ARP ……………………………………………………………………. 74 TCP, UDP, and ICMP …………………………………………….. 74 IP Addressing ………………………………………………………. 76 Private IP Addresses, NAT, and APIPA …………………….. 79 IPv6 …………………………………………………………………….. 80 Managing IP Address Assignments …………………………. 80 Routing and Subnet Masks ……………………………………. 83 Firewalls and Proxy Servers ……………………………………. 87 The Domain Name System……………………………………… 87 Domain Name Registration …………………………………….. 88 DNS Lookups ……………………………………………………….. 90 TCP/IP, System Layers, and OSI……………………………… 91 Command Utilities for TCP/IP ………………………………… 92 Summary ……………………………………………………………. 93 References…………………………………………………………… 93 Additional Reading ……………………………………………….. 94 5·Higher-Level Internet Protocols: Making the Internet Work ……………………………………………. 95 Email: SMTP, POP, IMAP ……………………………………….. 96 Real-Time Internet Connections ……………………………… 98 Telnet and TN3270 ……………………………………………….. 99 RTP and IRC ………………………………………………………… 99 File Management with FTP …………………………………… 100 Protocols for Information Services …………………………. 100 The Gopher Protocol …………………………………………….. 101 The Hypertext Transfer Protocol ……………………………. 101 HTTP and Statelessness …………………………………… 105 HTTP Secure……………………………………………………. 106 SNMP and LDAP …………………………………………………. 107 Summary ………………………………………………………….. 107 References…………………………………………………………. 108 Additional Reading ……………………………………………… 108 x Contents 6·Internet-Connected Devices and Security……………109 Security Issues for PCs and Mobile Devices …………….. 111 TCP/IP and Ports ……………………………………………….. 112 Internet Client Programs and Security ……………………. 113 Internet Server Security ………………………………………. 114 Threats and Issues ……………………………………………… 115 Viruses, Worms, and Trojans ……………………………….. 115 Rootkits ……………………………………………………………… 117 Spam and Phishing ……………………………………………… 117 Hoaxes ………………………………………………………………. 120 Fake Sites, Pharming, and Honeypots …………………… 120 Cookies and Web Bugs ………………………………………… 120 Bots and Spyware ………………………………………………. 121 Wi-Fi Eavesdropping and Spoofing ………………………… 121 Mobile Device Threats ………………………………………….. 122 Anatomy of an Attack ………………………………………….. 122 Security Responses …………………………………………….. 124 Antivirus Programs ……………………………………………… 124 Firewalls, Proxies, Routers, and VPN …………………….. 124 OS and Office Application Updates ………………………… 125 Password Security ………………………………………………. 125 Warning Signs of a Problem ………………………………….. 127 Security “Top-Ten List” ………………………………………… 129 Summary ………………………………………………………….. 129 References…………………………………………………………. 130 PART 2: Building the Web 7·Web Design and Graphics………………………………….135 Web Design Overview ………………………………………….. 135 Design Teams for Website Development …………………. 136 Site Mission and Audience ……………………………………. 138 General Design Guidelines …………………………………… 139 Key Elements of Web Design ………………………………… 140 User Experience Design ……………………………………….. 143 Web 2.0 and Design …………………………………………….. 143 Mobile 2.0 and Design …………………………………………. 145 Responsive Design ………………………………………………. 146 Tips for Mobile Designers …………………………………….. 146 Apps vs. Website …………………………………………………. 147 Site Planning ……………………………………………………… 147 Schematics …………………………………………………………. 147 Layout ……………………………………………………………….. 149 Site Organization ………………………………………………… 151 Hypertext …………………………………………………………… 153 Navigation ………………………………………………………….. 153 Typography and Fonts …………………………………………. 154 Graphics and Color in Design ……………………………….. 155 Analog to Digital………………………………………………….. 156 Color Use……………………………………………………………. 157 Contents xi Image Symbolism ………………………………………………… 158 Image Maps ……………………………………………………….. 158 Hardware and Graphics ………………………………………. 158 Graphic Types …………………………………………………….. 159 Color Schemes ……………………………………………………. 161 Resolution Issues ………………………………………………… 162 Graphic File Formats …………………………………………… 163 Using Images and Multimedia in Web Pages …………… 165 Accessibility ………………………………………………………. 166 Usability and Findability ……………………………………… 168 Design and the Lowest Common Denominator …………. 168 Summary ………………………………………………………….. 169 References…………………………………………………………. 170 8·Web Publishing with the Hypertext Markup Language ……………………………………………173 Markup Languages ……………………………………………… 174 The Hypertext Markup Language …………………………… 175 The HTML 4.01 Specification ………………………………… 176 Physical vs. Logical Markup …………………………………. 178 Elements, Tags, and Attributes……………………………… 179 Deprecated Tags and Attributes ……………………………. 180 Inline and Block-Level Elements ……………………………. 180 Using HTML: Common Tags …………………………………. 181 Images and HTML……………………………………………….. 182 The Hypertext Reference ………………………………………. 183 Relative vs. Absolute References …………………………… 184 Tables ……………………………………………………………….. 187 Forms ………………………………………………………………… 187 Image Maps ……………………………………………………….. 192 Framesets and Frames ………………………………………… 193 Inline Frames ……………………………………………………… 194 Hypertext Links and Frames ………………………………… 196 The Base Tag ……………………………………………………… 196 XHTML……………………………………………………………… 196 Mobile Markup Languages……………………………………. 197 WML ………………………………………………………………….. 197 XHTML-MP …………………………………………………………. 198 HTML5 ……………………………………………………………… 198 Key Differences: HTML5 vs. HTML 4.01 …………………. 199 Major Advances with HTML5 ………………………………… 200 Summary ………………………………………………………….. 201 References…………………………………………………………. 201 Additional Reading ……………………………………………… 202 9·Controlling Presentation with Styles ………………… 203 The Box Model …………………………………………………… 205 CSS Positioning ………………………………………………….. 206 xii Contents Adding Styles to HTML ………………………………………… 206 External Style Files ……………………………………………… 207 Embedded Styles ………………………………………………… 208 Inline Styles ……………………………………………………….. 208 CSS Syntax and Rules …………………………………………. 208 CSS Rules ………………………………………………………….. 208 CSS Classes……………………………………………………….. 209 Pseudo-Classes…………………………………………………… 211 Sizing and Color Units in CSS ……………………………….. 211 Understanding the Cascade ………………………………….. 213 HTML5 and CSS3 Modules …………………………………… 214 CSS3 Modules …………………………………………………….. 214 CSS Hacks and Shortcuts ……………………………………. 215 Responsive Design and CSS …………………………………. 216 Putting IT Together: A CSS Example ………………………. 219 Summary ………………………………………………………….. 225 References…………………………………………………………. 225 10·Introduction to Web Programming .. …
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