30 Jun University of South Florida Allopathic Effects of pH on Roots’ Length
Alternate Hypothesis: If the pH of the sunflower extract is high (above 7) than less sunflower seeds will germinate, and root lengths will be shorter. Null Hypothesis: If pH level is altered than the germination rates and root lengths will not be affected. Materials: 14 Petri Dishes, 140 sunflower seeds, 5 fully grown sunflowers, pH tablets, 2 sets of a Mortar and Pestle, Cheese Cloth, 40 filter paper, 4 jars to hold extracts, 5mL pipette and pipette tips, light source, and a Caliper. Techniques: Observing allelopathic effects of pH by measuring root length of germinated seeds Methods Draft Creating the Extract To commence the experiment, the necessary materials were gathered. A total of 60 sunflower petals were used to create a sunflower extract. The sunflower petals were placed into a mortar. Two hundred mL of distilled water was poured into the mortar. A pestle was used to grind the sunflower leaves until the water changed its color to the same tint of the leaves. A clean beaker was obtained, and a piece of cheesecloth was placed over the beaker. The extract was poured from the mortar into the cheesecloth, so it was filtered into the beaker. This beaker was then labeled “sunflower leaf extract” and set aside. The process was then repeated two more times. One of the two new beakers was then labeled “acidic sunflower extract” and an acidic capsule was opened and poured into the beaker and was mixed until it was dissolved. Then it was set aside. The second of the two was then labeled “basic sunflower extract” and a basic pH capsule was opened and poured into the beaker and was mixed until it was dissolved. Setting Up the Petri Dishes Twelve clean petri dishes were obtained. Three pieces of filter paper were spread across the bottom of each petri dish. Twenty-eight lettuce seeds were placed within each of the twelve petri dishes. Three of the 12 petri dishes were labeled “distilled water.” Another three were labeled “sunflower extract.” Three more were labeled “acidic sunflower extract” and the last three petri dishes were labeled “basic sunflower extract.” Moistening the Petri Dishes Using a clean pipette each time, five mL of each extract was placed into the corresponding petri dishes. Each dish was moistened until the filter paper looked damp and all seeds seemed to be covered with their assigned extracts. Setting up for weekly Observation Once all the twelve petri dishes were moistened with the correct extracts, they were then place under a light where they were left to grow for one week. Four jars with lids were then labeled “distilled water,” “sunflower extract,” “acidic sunflower extract,” and “basic sunflower extract.” The excess extracts were then poured into their corresponding jars and put away in a refrigerator for preservation. They were preserved for future watering through the week. Data Analysis The lettuce seeds were observed each day of the week and watered with the correct extracts when necessary. Each day the number of seeds germinated in each dish was recorded along with the condition of each plant. At the conclusion of the week, the root lengths of all germinated seeds were measured and recorded. The lab was repeated one more week for more data. References: Bower, D., Morgan, D., Phillips, K., & Roeth, B. (2005, May 20). The Effect of pH on the Growth of Green Beans. Retrieved from http://jrscience.wcp.muohio.edu/nsfall05/LabpacketArticles/TheEffectofpHontheGrotwh o.html – We were able to look at how another lab did a similar experiment with green beans. We saw their thought process and their steps taken. Low pH values could create a nutrient deficiency in the cells and could cause the plants to die. Sripad, G., Prakash, V., & Narasing, M. S. (1982, June). Extractability of polyphenols of sunflower seed in various solvents[Scholarly project]. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02702723#citeasv – We were able to see that there is a chemical called chlorogenic acid in sunflower seed that helps to regulate pH values. This chemical can be extracted from the sunflower seed with the assistance of another chemical. Perry, L. (2003). PH for the Garden. Retrieved from http://pss.uvm.edu/ppp/pubs/oh34.htm – From this article the author posted several different pH of the soil of surrounding plants. This can be used to compare natural soil type. Raya-Díaz, S., Quesada-Moraga, E., Barrón, V., Campillo, M., & Sánchez-Rodríguez, A. l02saroa@uco. e. (2017). Redefining the dose of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium brunneum (Ascomycota, Hypocreales) to increase Fe bioavailability and promote plant growth in calcareous and sandy soils. Plant & Soil, 418(1/2), 387–404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-017-3303-0 – They added different doses of EF and tested the affects on sunflower growth but also found that it affected the pH levels in the sunflower. Lasa, B., Frechilla, S., Aleu, M., González-Moro, B., Lamsfus, C., & Aparicio-Tejo, P. M. (2000). Effects of low and high levels of magnesium on the response of sunflower plants grown with ammonium and nitrate(1-2 ed., Vol. 225, Rep.). Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1026568329860 – This focuses on the effect of different levels of magnesium on plants. This will help us compare the effects of other chemicals that affect pH level in sunflowers. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf049612j – A study on how heat and pH work hand and hand to affect growth on the sunflower. https://homeguides.sfgate.com/ph-affect-plants-49986.html – How pH levels normally affect plants. It can affect the plants ability to absorb nutrients. http://plantsinmotion.bio.indiana.edu/plantmotion/earlygrowth/germination/sunflower/sun.html – Video on seed germination (maybe for presentation) Anatomy of a Research Paper Richard D Branson MSc RRT FAARC Introduction The Title Page The Title Authors Key Words Corresponding Author Financial and Equipment Support Conflicts of Interest The Abstract The Introduction Section The Methods Section Subjects Equipment Interventions or Study Procedures Data Analysis The Results Section The Discussion Section The Conclusions Section Acknowledgements Summary Writing, editing, and publishing the paper is the last step in the research process. The paper tells the story of the project from inception, through the data-collection process, statistical analysis, and discussion of the results. Novice authors often struggle with writing and often find themselves with either nothing on paper or a weighty version of random thoughts. The process of writing the paper should be analogous to the research process. This article describes and provides a template for the essential sections and features of a scientific report (structured abstract, introduction, hypothesis, methods, results, discussion, and conclusions), describes authorship guidelines that have been established by professional societies, and discusses the importance of adequate and correct references. Key words: research; scientific method; writing; publication; manuscripts, medical. [Respir Care 2004;49(10):1222–1228. © 2004 Daedalus Enterprises] Introduction Writing is a skill born from practice. The first step to becoming a good writer is becoming an avid and careful Richard D Branson MSc RRT FAARC is affiliated with the Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio. Richard D Branson MSc RRT FAARC presented a version of this article at the RESPIRATORY CARE Journal symposium, “Anatomy of a Research 1222 reader. A researcher’s early experiments in writing should include multiple rewrites, with constructive criticism from a mentor. Imitating a writing style that feels comfortable Paper: Science Writing 101” at the 48th International Respiratory Congress, held October 5–8, 2002, in Tampa, Florida. Correspondence: Richard D Branson MSc RRT FAARC, Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way, ML #0558, Cincinnati OH 45267-0558. E-mail: richard.branson@uc.edu. RESPIRATORY CARE • OCTOBER 2004 VOL 49 NO 10 ANATOMY OF A and reaches your intended audience may be a good way to begin. Publishing a paper is the logical result of any research project. After all the effort required for design, implementation, data collection, and data analysis, publication is the crucial end point. Publishing serves to share important information with the scientific community and results in personal satisfaction and professional advancement. An author who routinely submits only abstracts without follow-up publication is revealing either a lack of commitment or lack of confidence in study design or results. An important part of the publication process is scrutiny of the design, methods, data collection, and statistical analysis used in the study. Careful review of the study leads the investigator to discover flaws in the process and clarify the original thought process. It is better to identify shortcomings yourself than to have them pointed out for you by a peer-reviewer pre-publication or in a letter to the editor post-publication. The mechanics of writing a paper are typically spelled out by each individual journal. RESPIRATORY CARE offers an author’s guide online.1 In addition to helping authors meet the journal’s formatting requirements, the author’s guide also serves as a rough outline for the paper. Using an outline to write a paper may seem like an undergraduate exercise, but the outline is an important tool for organizing your thoughts. This article describes the anatomy of a research paper, discusses common mistakes, reviews some science-writing rules, and provides some science-writing tips. The Title Page The Title A good title is important for several reasons. The title alerts the reader to the topic of your paper. A well written or phrased title creates curiosity and draws readers to investigate the substance of your paper. However, the main function of the title is to describe your research. Titles should describe the research succinctly; long titles provide no advantage. The title should avoid overstating what resides within and of course should avoid marketing themes. As with any part of the research paper, research and read other titles on a similar topic. Make note of the wording, length, and syntax. Be specific! The title should let the reader know if your paper is a human, animal, or bench study. As an example, if your title is “Moisture Output of 2 Humidification Systems,” it is incomplete. Give more information; for example, “Moisture Output of 2 Humidification Systems for Use With Mechanically Ventilated Patients,” or “Comparison of the Moisture Output of 2 Humidification Systems With a Lung Model.” The title RESPIRATORY CARE • OCTOBER 2004 VOL 49 NO 10 RESEARCH PAPER tells the reader what to expect in the paper and thus whether the paper really pertains to his literature-search. If you are looking for data on humidification studies with mechanically ventilated patients, the first title is more germane to your topic. Respect the reader: briefly, but clearly, explain the paper’s content in the title. Authors It may seem self-evident who the authors of a paper are, but authorship has become an issue of concern in recent years.2–10 Part of the issue is the complexity of medicine and technology; completing a research project often requires experts from several fields. Research across disciplines has become a funding priority and also leads to one paper having numerous authors. Unfortunately, politics also appears to play a major role. In 1997 the International Committee of Medical Editors published guidelines for authorship,11 which were recently extensively revised: Authorship credit should be based on 1) substantial contributions to conception and design, or acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data; 2) drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content; and 3) final approval of the version to be published. Authors should meet conditions 1, 2, and 3. Interestingly, Durack found that 98% of papers published in the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal (predecessor of The New England Journal of Medicine) had only one author. This contrasts sharply with today’s statistics, wherein only 5% of papers have only one author.2 The original articles section of The New England Journal of Medicine averages 6 authors per article.3 Huth5 provided authorship guidelines that are based on the contribution of the individual investigators. In that system individuals responsible for data collection are not justifiable authors. Many respiratory therapists begin their forays into research as data collectors, and this can be the start of a publishing career. Individuals who collect data can earn authorship by participating in one of the other 4 activities in the aforementioned guidelines. Table 1 describes the principles and rationale for authorship. From a practical standpoint, most papers are written by 1 or 2 primary authors. The remaining authors have reviewed the work and/or aided in study design or data analysis. Frequently, other members of a research group are included as authors because of their positions and the pressure to publish in pursuit of promotion and tenure. It is a good habit to agree to authorship only if you have met 1223 ANATOMY Table 1. OF A RESEARCH PAPER Principles and Rationale for Authorship Principle 1. Each author must have participated sufficiently in the research represented by the report to take public responsibility for the content. 2. Participation must include 3 steps: (1) conception or design of the research and/or analysis and interpretation of the data; (2) drafting the report or revising it for critically important content; and (3) final approval of the published version. 3. Participation solely in the collection of data (or other evidence) does not justify authorship. 4. Each part of the report that is critical to its main conclusions and each step in the research that led to its publication must be attributable to at least one author. 5. Persons who have contributed intellectually to the report but whose contribution does not justify authorship may be named in the acknowledgements section and their contributions described. You must obtain permission from persons you wish to mention in the acknowledgements section. Rationale An author must be able to defend the content of the report, including the data and other evidence and the conclusions based on them. The author must also be willing to publicly concede errors of fact or interpretation discovered after publication of the report and state the reason for the error. Authors cannot publicly defend the intellectual content of the report unless they understand its origins (conception) and can testify to the validity of its argument (critical analysis of evidence). Authors must have sufficient involvement in writing the report to be able to defend it as an accurate report of the research that led to it. Data and other evidence may be gathered by persons who know little or nothing of the steps critical to the main intellectual substance. Such persons cannot take public responsibility for the main elements of a report; they could testify only to the validity of elements of evidence and not to how those elements support the report’s arguments and conclusions. Persons for whom authorship is not justified may be named in the report’s acknowledgements section. Each element of the report that is vital to its conclusions must be publicly defensible or the report’s validity is open to question. Therefore, the authorship of a report must include one or more persons able to defend any of its critical vital elements. Unless solely responsible for all the report represents, authors should indicate who provided intellectual assistance and the nature of that assistance. Technical assistance includes building equipment, collecting data, locating and abstracting literature, and work in preparing the manuscript that is not intellectual work on its scientific content. (Adapted from Reference 4) the principles in Table 1. It is also a good habit to ask only co-authors who have met those standards. Determining the order in which to list the authors may be simple or complex.6 Generally speaking, the individual responsible for the majority of the work is the first author. Authors are then listed in order of contribution. The exception to that rule is the last author listed; in many instances the senior author is listed last. The senior author is often the most experienced member of the group, the administrative leader, and/or the person who directs or is responsible for funding at the facility where the research was done. Key Words The key words cannot be picked simply at the author’s discretion; instead, they must be terms that appear in the National Library of Medicine’s list of Medical Subject Headings (at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/MBrowser.html). However, in the near future it is likely that few journals will list key words, because when conducting a MEDLINE literature search, it is necessary to search all fields (ie, the titles, abstracts, journal names, journal volumes/numbers/ page numbers) in order not to miss documents of interest, and since (1) all the key words appear in the title and 1224 abstract and (2) the Medical Subject Headings list is very incomplete, the key words are superfluous. Corresponding Author The title page should give the full name and affiliation of each author and specify which is the corresponding author; the corresponding author is the primary contact for the journal’s editorial office and the contact person for individuals who have questions about the research. If the corresponding author is at a hospital or an academic institution, list his or her full name (including middle initial), professional or postgraduate degree (eg, “MD”), title, department, hospital, university (if applicable), mailing address, telephone number, assistant’s name and telephone number, facsimile number, pager number, and e-mail address. If the corresponding author is at a company, list his or her full name (including middle initial), professional or postgraduate degree (eg, “MD”), title, department (if applicable), company name, mailing address, telephone number, assistant’s name and telephone number, facsimile number, pager number, and e-mail address. Financial and Equipment Support The title page should also list specific information about organizations, agencies, or companies that supported the RESPIRATORY CARE • OCTOBER 2004 VOL 49 NO 10 ANATOMY OF A research, either financially or by providing equipment, services, or personnel. If the research was supported by a grant, give the grant number. Conflicts of Interest The title page should also list and explain conflicts of interest. The most common conflict of interest is that one of the authors has a financial affiliation with a company that produces one of the products tested or discussed in the research. Explicitly state any affiliations or interests that could be perceived as creating a conflict of interest. However, if there are no such affiliations or interests, there is no need to include a general statement of “innocence” such as, “The authors have no financial affiliation with any of the organizations or products mentioned in this report.” The Abstract Nearly all journals require that research papers include abstracts. The abstract appears following the title page. Recently, the structured abstract (ie, an abstract that has 5 sections: introduction, objective, methods, results, and conclusions) has become the standard for most research articles (whereas reviews, case reports, and certain other types of special articles have nonstructured abstracts). The abstract must accurately reflect the content of the pa …
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