30 Jun Research Project in Biology: Genetically Modified Foods Discussion
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Study Guide Introduction to Biology By Emily Lain Reviewed by Tessa Scrobola About the Author Emily J. Lain has a Master of Science degree in Biological Sciences from the University of Southern Mississippi in Hattiesburg, Mississippi, and a Bachelor of Science degree in Forestry from the University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point. During the pursuit of her degrees, Ms. Lain participated in several research projects pertaining to disturbance ecology. Her most recent project focuses on the impacts of hurricane disturbance on migratory songbirds during their spring migration. She also supervised a long-term avian migration research station and database. Over the past several years, Ms. Lain worked as a biology laboratory instructor for biological sciences majors and nursing students. Currently she is researching hurricane impacts, teaching biology labs, and working as an instructor for this course. About the Reviewer Ms. Scrobola went to King’s College for her pre-med undergraduate degree before going to the University of Scranton for her Master’s in Secondary Education concentrating in biology. She has her Pennsylvania teaching certificate in biology. She taught high school science for a year at Crestwood High School before coming to Penn Foster, starting in admissions and then moving through Student CARE and high school as an academic advisor to finally becoming the college biology and earth science instructor. She also currently teaches biology at Lackawanna County Community College part time. All terms mentioned in this text that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Use of a term in this text should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. Copyright © 2018 by Penn Foster, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of the material protected by this copyright may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the copyright owner. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be mailed to Copyright Permissions, Penn Foster, 925 Oak Street, Scranton, Pennsylvania 18515. Printed in the United States of America 1 LESSON ASSIGNMENTS 7 LESSON 1: THE CELL 11 LESSON 2: GENETICS 45 LESSON 3: EVOLUTION AND THE DIVERSITY OF LIFE 73 LESSON 3 ESSAY QUESTIONS 109 LESSON 4: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS 113 LESSON 5: ECOLOGY 167 LESSON 5 ESSAY QUESTIONS 185 RESEARCH PROJECT 187 SELF-CHECK ANSWERS 193 Contents INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS iii Welcome to the wonderful world of biology! Few subjects can teach as much about the world around you as biology. During this course, you’ll gain insight into the origin of life, the relationships among all living organisms and the environment, and even how your own body works. The course consists of five lessons. Each lesson covers information from several chapters of the textbook. This study guide gives you your reading assignments for each chapter of your textbook. It also highlights and clarifies important information in each chapter. At the end of each lesson, you’ll complete an examination covering information from all of the chapters that comprise that lesson. OBJECTIVES When you complete this course, you’ll be able to n Describe the characteristics of living things n Explain and apply the scientific method n Identify the structure and function of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells n Explain the process of photosynthesis n Identify basic chemistry and the properties of water n Describe the basic traits of organic molecules n Describe the steps involved in cellular respiration n Explain the processes of mitosis and meiosis and identify the phases of each n Discuss the basic principles of both Mendelian and m odern genetics n Describe the structure and function of DNA and RNA n Describe the traits of cancer and explain how it develops Instructions INTRODUCTION 1 n List the domains and kingdoms of living organisms n Discuss Darwin’s theory of natural selection and e volution n Compare and contrast the types of natural selection and evolution n Compare and contrast the traits of microorganisms n Differentiate between major plant groups and outline their characteristics n Identify and describe basic plant anatomy, responses, and reproduction n List the characteristics of the major classes of i nvertebrates n Name and describe seven classes of nonextinct v ertebrates n Discuss the functions of four types of animal tissues n Identify the components and functions of major human organ systems n Identify and explain the components of the immune s ystem n Explain the factors that influence population growth n Describe the organization and development of communities, as well as the characteristics of ecosystems n Explain the effects modern human society has had on many of the world’s ecosystems YOUR TEXTBOOK Your textbook, Essentials of Biology, contains most of the detailed information upon which your examinations are based. Your textbook material is divided into chapters. The pages for each chapter are clearly indicated in the contents. Note:Your textbook may be used when taking the final (proctored) exam. 2 Instructions to Students Listed below are some of the features of your textbook: n “Learning Outcomes” listed at the beginning of each chapter, to help you focus on what you should learn in the reading n Short questions at the end of each chapter that test your knowledge about what you’ve read n Exercises at the end of each chapter that teach you to think critically n A glossary of key terms n An index for fast, easy reference of topics At the end of every chapter in your textbook is a summary. Read this material carefully to check your understanding. Following the summary are a number of tools you can use to review the material you’ve just studied. We highly recommend that you complete “Key Terms,” “Testing Yourself,” “Thinking Scientifically,” and “Bioethical Issue.” The answers to most of these questions and problems are included in Appendix B. COURSE MATERIALS This course includes the following materials: 1. This study guide, which contains an introduction to your course, plus n A lesson assignments page with a schedule of study assignments n Assignment lessons emphasizing the main points in the textbook n Self-checks and answers to help you assess your understanding of the material n A research project 2. Your course textbook, Essentials of Biology, which contains the assigned reading material. The McGraw Hill online resource is not part of the course. It is not required. Instructions to Students 3 Please take a look at the research project at the end of this study guide so you’ll know what’s expected of you in completing the project. You can work on the project as you work through the course. Don’t wait until you complete all the coursework before you begin the research project. A STUDY PLAN This study guide is intended to help you achieve the maximum benefit from the time you spend on this course. It doesn’t replace the textbook in any way. It serves as an introduction to the material that you’ll read in the book and as an aid to assist you in understanding this material. This study guide divides your course into five lessons. Each lesson contains several assignments, with a self-check for each assignment. A comprehensive examination covers the material from each of the five lessons. Be sure to complete all work related to a lesson before moving on to the next lesson. Below is a suggested format for using this study guide. Remember that this is just a suggested plan. If you feel that another method would help you learn more effectively, by all means use that method. 1. Note the pages for each assignment. 2. Scan the assigned pages in the textbook. Make a note of the headings and illustrations. Write down questions to yourself. 3. Keep your textbook open to the chapter and read the assignment text in this study guide. When the study guide makes references to passages or figures in the textbook, refer to the text to complete your understanding. It may answer your questions or inspire more. 4. Read the assigned pages in the textbook. This time, pay close attention to details. Concentrate on gaining an understanding of the concepts being presented. 4 Instructions to Students 5. Check on anything that’s still not clear, and reexamine the pages and illustrations to which the study guide refers. Then complete the self-check. You can check your answers using the answers at the back of this study guide. If you have problems completing any self-check question, reread the sections of the textbook that pertain to the problem area. 6. Complete each assignment in this way. If you miss any questions, review the pages of the textbook covering those questions. The self-checks are designed to reveal weak points that you need to review. Don’t send the selfcheck answers to the school. They’re for you to evaluate your understanding of the material. 7. When you’ve completed all of the assignments for the first lesson and you feel confident that you understand the material covered, take the lesson examination. 8. When you receive the results of your examination, don’t dwell on any mistakes you made. Simply note which questions you answered wrong, go back to the textbook to locate the right answer, and move on. A successful learner isn’t someone who never makes mistakes; a successful learner is someone who learns to benefit from correcting mistakes. After all, once you’ve corrected a mistake, you know the right answer and shouldn’t make the same mistake again. Repeat these steps for each lesson in this course. At any time, you can contact your instructor for information regarding the materials. You’re now ready to begin Lesson 1. Good luck and have fun! Remember to regularly check your student homepage. Your instructor may post additional resources that you can access to enhance your learning experience. Instructions to Students 5 NOTES 6 Instructions to Students Read in the study guide: Read in the textbook: Assignment 1 Chapter 1 Assignment 2 Chapter 2 Assignment 3 Chapter 3 Assignment 4 Chapter 4 Assignment 5 Chapter 5 Assignment 6 Chapter 6 Assignment 7 Chapter 7 Examination 350237RR Material in Lesson 1 Lesson 2: Genetics Read in the study guide: Read in the textbook: Assignment 8 Chapter 8 Assignment 9 Chapter 9 Assignment 10 Chapter 10 Assignment 11 Chapter 11 Assignment 12 Chapter 12 Assignment 13 Chapter 13 Examination 350238RR Material in Lesson 2 Lesson Assignments Assignments Lesson 1: The Cell 7 Lesson 3: Evolution and the Diversity of Life Read in the study guide: Read in the textbook: Assignment 14 Chapter 14 Assignment 15 Chapter 15 Assignment 16 Chapter 16 Assignment 17 Chapter 17 Assignment 18 Chapter 18 Assignment 19 Chapter 19 Examination 350240RR Material in Lesson 3 Lesson 3 Essay Examination 35024100 Lesson 4: Structure and Function in Plants and Animals Read in the study guide: Read in the textbook: Assignment 20 Chapter 20 Assignment 21 Chapter 21 Assignment 22 Chapter 22 Assignment 23 Chapter 23 Assignment 24 Chapter 24 Assignment 25 Chapter 25 Assignment 26 Chapter 26 Assignment 27 Chapter 27 Assignment 28 Chapter 28 Assignment 29 Chapter 29 Examination 350243RR Material in Lesson 4 8 Lesson Assignments Lesson 5: Ecology Read in the study guide: Read in the textbook: Assignment 30 Chapter 30 Assignment 31 Chapter 31 Assignment 32 Chapter 32 Examination 350245RR Material in Lesson 5 Lesson 5 Essay Examination 35028900 Research Project 35024800 Note: To access and complete any of the examinations for this study guide, click on the appropriate Take Exam icon on your student portal. You should not have to enter the examination numbers. These numbers are for reference only if you have reason to contact Student Services. Lesson Assignments 9 NOTES 10 Lesson Assignments The Cell Your first lesson consists of seven assignments that cover Chapters 1–7 of your textbook. Chapter 1 introduces the science of biology, and Chapters 2–7 cover the cell. OBJECTIVES When you complete this lesson, you’ll be able to n Describe the characteristics of living things n Differentiate between the levels of biological organization n Describe how organisms are classified n Discuss the scientific method and its importance in the biological sciences n Explain the atomic structure of matter and the different kinds of chemical bonds n Describe the properties of water and explain why it’s vital to life on Earth n Summarize the properties and different groups of organic molecules n Describe and explain the structural organization of cells n Explain the basic processes of diffusion and osmosis n Describe a basic enzymatic reaction n Identify the basic processes of photosynthesis n Discuss the nature of cellular respiration Lesson 1 INTRODUCTION 11 ASSIGNMENT 1: A VIEW OF LIFE Refer to the following information as you read Chapter 1 in your textbook. The Characteristics of Life Biology is the scientific study of life. Several characteristics help to define the term life: 1. All living things (organisms) are composed of cells that contain genes. Genes are composed of DNA inherited from a parent through reproduction. 2. All living things obtain energy from their surroundings and use it to grow, develop, and maintain specific internal conditions. 3. Living organisms can sense changes in their environment and adjust their activities in response to those changes. 4. Living organisms exhibit modifications that represent adaptations to their environment. Chapter 1 begins with a discussion on the abundance of bacterial flora found on the surface of the human body. Diverse life exists nearly everywhere on Earth. Scientists have barely begun to estimate the number of species living on the planet. Despite the tremendous variation that exists among species, all living things share certain characteristics. Review Figure 1.2 to consider the levels of biological organization from molecules to organ systems. The cell, which you’ll study throughout this lesson, is the smallest unit of biological organization that displays all of the characteristics of life. In complex multicellular organisms, cells form specialized tissues, organs, and organ systems. Then this organization continues all the way up to the biosphere. Evolution: The Core Concept of Biology Just as all living organisms share many of the same characteristics, overwhelming evidence suggests that they also originated from a common, ancient ancestor. Evolution is the process by which species arise and change over time through 12 Introduction to Biology the process of natural selection. Examine Figure 1.6 to view an evolutionary tree with the lineages of major life forms and an overview of how life developed on Earth over the past 3.5 billion years. Natural Selection Natural selection is the process whereby a population develops adaptations to its environment and is what leads to evolution over a long period of time. Four conditions must be met for natural selection to occur: 1. Population members exhibit differences that are heritable (can be inherited). 2. Population members produce more offspring than can be supported by the environmental resources. 3. Competition exists between population members for limited resources and results in increased survival and reproduction of better adapted individuals. 4. Through many generations, a greater portion of the population exhibits adaptations to the environment and thus the population as a whole evolves. Your textbook provides some interesting examples that will help you understand how evolution, or descent with modification, occurs over time. Organizing the Diversity of Life Biologists use the science of taxonomy to classify organisms into groups according to the ways in which they’re related to one another. Classification categories range from the most specific (a species) to the very general (a domain). Each species has a binomial (two-part) scientific name that consists of both the genus and species names. Lesson 1 13 The standard system of classification separates all living organisms into three domains (Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya). Following is an explanation of each: 1. Domain Archaea is made up of prokaryotic, unicellular organisms that live in extreme habitats, such as deep ocean steam vents. Prokaryotic organisms lack the membrane-bounded nucleus and membranous organelles typical of eukaryotes. 2. Domain Bacteria consists of prokaryotic, unicellular bacteria. They inhabit a wide variety of environments and display a remarkable range of adaptations. 3. Domain Eukarya consists of four kingdoms: a. Kingdom Protista are organisms that may be unicellular, multicellular, or colonial. They have more internal complexity than prokaryotes. b. Kingdom Fungi are eukaryotic, multicelled organisms that display extracellular digestion. That is, they break down dead organic debris as a source of sustenance. c. Kingdom Plantae are multicelled, eukaryotic organisms with vascular tissues that use photosynthesis to produce energy. Photosynthesis is the process of using sunlight to synthesize sugars from raw materials. d. Kingdom Animalia are eukaryotic, multicelled, consumers (that is, they don’t produce their own nutrients) that are usually mobile. Review the photographs in Table 1.2 and accompanying text for an overview of the biological domains and kingdoms. Science: A Way of Knowing Biology has countless fields of emphasis ranging from ecology to biochemistry. Scientists use the scientific method to guide their research and gain a better understanding of natural phenomena. The scientific method involves the following steps: 1. Develop a question that you would like to answer based on observations you’ve made. 14 Introduction to Biology 2. Based on your observations and on the findings of past scientists, develop a hypothesis, your best possible explanation to the question posed. 3. Based on your hypothesis, make predictions on what you think will occur. 4. Find ways to test your predictions by conducting experiments or by making further observations. 5. Develop conclusions by analyzing and reporting your test results. To test a hypothesis, scientists will often conduct an experiment, which is a series of steps designed to test an idea. Experimental design is important in identifying which variables are to be involved and tested within an experiment. When a scientific study is carried out in a laboratory setting, environmental conditions can be more closely controlled while the experimental variable is changed or manipulated. Test groups are provided with the experimental variable while control groups are not. A common example is the testing of a new drug—the test group receives the drug while the control group unknowingly receives a placebo, a harmless substitute. Data collected during the experiment are analyzed and then followed by a conclusion to accept or reject the hypothesis. If there isn’t sufficient evidence to provide support for the hypothesis, the experimental results can often help a scientist formulate a new hypothesis to test and the process continues. Figure 1.8 presents a flow diagram describing the various steps of the scientific method. Study this figure, and then view the example of a controlled study. An experiment must be repeatable—that is, another scientist should be able to repeat the same study carried out previously and achieve the same results. The scientific community typic …
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