30 Jun Discuss the innate and adaptive immune responses
Question Description
When you are ready, respond to the topic below.
Please review the Discussion Board grading rubric in the course Syllabus. Discussion responses should be on topic, original, and contribute to the quality of the Discussion by making frequent informed references to lesson materials and Seminars. Initial Discussion responses should be around 100 words. Responses to your classmates or instructor should be around 50 words.
There is one topic to respond to this week. Respond to the topic and provide two or more responses to classmates that are thoughtful and advance the Discussion.
(You can access this Discussion by clicking Discussion under Unit 5).
Viral Strategies
Imagine yourself to be a virus and you need to establish infection in an organ of your choice.
Discuss the innate and adaptive immune responses, including the roles of neutrophils, monocyte, macrophages, antigen, antibody, and B and T-cell mediated responses, that you will need to overcome along with their attributes to establish the infections and the type of immunodeficiency you will be benefited by.
DISCUSSION POST #1
The body has two types of immune respones , the first innate immune respnse is , “Innate immunity has the ability to recognize a diversity of foreign nonself substances, including pathogens”. (Pommerville, J.C. 2014, P. 697). My first step as a virus would be to attack someone with immune dificiency, where the body would not recongnize me as a antigen through the use of epitopes, and I would not cause an immune response. Since the body would not recognize me as an antiagen it would not be able to use the second type of immune response which is adaptive immune response,” Thanks to immunological memory, a second or ensuing exposure to the same antigenic variation of a pathogen produces such a rapid and vigorous immune response that the person does not even know they were exposed”. (Pommerville, J.C. 2014, P. 698). I would then have to get past the bodies humoral response where it uses b cells and tries to make antigens aginst the virus, but since the body dosnt recongize me as an invader I would be able to slip through. I would enter the host cell where antigens are useless , but I still would have to get past the t cells. “becomes activated. T lymphocytes (T cells) control and regulate this response and provide resistance through a variety of interactions with infected or otherwise abnormal cells (for example, virus-infected cells or tumor cells”(Pommerville, J.C. 2014, P. 698). I would be fine since the body still does not recoginze me as an invader and I would be able to cause my harm with out any defenses from the body.
Pommerville, J.C. (2014). Fundamentals of Microbiology, 10th Edition. [Kaplan]. Retrieved fromhttps://kaplan.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781284047059/cfi/6/2!/4/2@0:0.00
DISCUSSION POST #2
I like the simple description of viruses that Nobel Laureate Peter Medawar gave by saying they are “…a piece of bad news wrapped up in protein.” (Pommerville, 2014). Interestingly viruses, as a whole, have the ability to infect almost any kind of cell (Pommerville, 2014). The virus of my choosing for this discussion post will be Rhinovirus.
Human rhinoviruses are responsible for may upper respiratory infections and the common cold. They are spread through direct contact, fomites, and aerosols; rhinoviruses are attracted to nasal epithelium and bind to the tissue by intracellular adhesion molecules or ICAM-1 (Jacobs, 2013). Once it is bound to the cell surface receptors, it invades the cells by endocytosis or macropinocytosis and initiates the replication process (Jacobs, 2013). Then the cell is destroyed, and a multitude of viral cells are released into the system for further binding, replicating, and releasing. Thus, the spread of the virus and induced infection.
The body will respond to this viral invasion in a variety of ways. Innate immunity is the body’s general immune response to remove a pathogen nonspecifically; adaptive immunity is the specific immune response that help target the identified pathogen (Pommerville, 2014). Adaptive immunity has four factors that play into the defense system: specificity, tolerance of self, minimal self damage, and immunological memory (Pommerville, 2014). Furthermore, the cell-mediated immune response will activate if the virus surpasses barriers and invades cells. T cells and B cells can effectively attack infected cells and develop the “memory” of the invading pathogen so that future exposures will be even more limited (Pommerville, 2014). Macrophages, lymphocytes, and monocytes are differentiated types of T cells that engulf and destroy infected cells (Pommerville, 2014). Antigens are molecules that are capable of triggering immune responses. They are typically noted as the pathogens. Antibodies are a type of proteins known as immunoglobulins and there are five common classes for immunity: IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, and IgD (Pommerville, 2014). This brief description summarizes the blockades of the human immune system against pathogens and how Rhinovirus infects, mutates through replication, and spreads to new hosts.
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