22 Jul paraphrase
The first part focuses on the different aspects of flow rate (laminar and turbulent), and how Reynolds number is directly related to the flow type. Also, the experiment was designed to record any losses with a manometer. Moreover, the second part shows how a discharge in a long a pipe is related to pressure and area.
Introduction:
In fluid, friction loss is the head loss in a pipe due to the effect of the fluid’s viscosity near the surface of the pipe or duct. Friction loss is a very economical concern due to the fact that designing a pipe without taking into consideration the affect of the friction loss will highly affect the efficiency of the pipe which will eventually reduce the price of the pipe.The rate of loss of total head along the pipe is known as the hydraulic gradient (i), and is defined as i = dh/dl, where dh is the difference of head measured and dl is the length of the pipe. To better understand the laws of resistance in pipes Osborne Reynolds discover that there are two type of flows (laminar and turbulent). According to Reynolds the type of flow can be determined by the value of the following dimensionless parameter Re = ρvD/μ. The fluid change from laminar to turbulent when the Reynolds number exceeds a critical value which is generally 2000. For each fluid type different laws of resistance are applied. In general, this experiment will discuss the relationship between Reynolds number and a flow type.
Increasing the velocity and the flow rate of a steady state fluid could be very simple if the Bernoulli effect was applied. Bernoulli effect, is the lowering of fluid pressure in regions where the flow velocity is increased. On other words, imagine a water hose Why does squeezing a hose make the water go faster?. The answer is according to Bernoulli equation a decrease in the cross sectional area will lead to a decrease in the fluid velocity. Form this it is understood that different aspects, such as, cross sectional area, pressure, density of fluid, and velocity would affect the flow of fluid in a pipe. This experiment will test this hypothesis using the Venturi meter measurement device and applying the Bernoulli equation to find the change of velocity and flow rate at different cross sectional areas.
Bernoulli equation: (P1) + (ρ1U1^2/2) + (ρ1gZ1) = (P2) + (ρ2U2^2/2) + (ρ2gZ2)
(2)
A pipe diameter can be measured accurately by many ways. Best of which is to use Vernier scale and to take several measurements to consider only the average of the measurements. Another method is to use a more technological approach, which is a laser measurement device. It’s more accurate, but more expansive than the Vernier scale.
(4) A possible project is the adaptation of the apparatus to operate with air as the working fluid instead of water. Using a value of μ for air, calculate the critical velocity and the corresponding pressure drop. Can this experiment be carried out using a U-tube manometer filled with water? Devise a simple method of producing a steady air flow at a known rate by displacement from a closed vessel.
Discussion:
1- I found the measure pressure and the ideal to be far apart, and that might be to the errors (explained in the conclusion)
2- The maximum head lose happens at the smallest cross sectional area, which is in the middle. That is because there is sharp bend which cause the head lose.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, when the area decreases, the pressure decreases, thus, the velocity increase. The results show that there might be some errors duo to two main reasons. First, we encountered an inaccurate timing when measuring the flow rate. Second, while doing the experiment, the team failed to avoid air bubbles in the manometer. Moreover, the team saw how Reynolds number relates to the flow type. Finally, in the second part of the experiment, we saw how Bernoulli’s equation demonstrates the pressure values and Q.
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