23 Jul S PRIMARY ROLE ON METABOLISM IS BEST SUMMARIZED BY WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS?
Can someone look over those questions and please confirm if the questions are correct or wrong (If w Show more Can someone look over those questions and please confirm if the questions are correct or wrong (If wrong please tell me right answer) 1.Which of the following tissues can use glucose but not fatty Acids as a source of fuel? A. Skeletal Muscle B. Cardiac tissue C. Liver D. Red Blood Cells E. Adipose: D. Red Blood Cells __________ Brain and RBC 2.Within the red blood cell NADPH is required for which of the following processes? A. The Conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl CoA B. The Oxidation of hemoglobin C. The conversion of pyruvate to lactate D.The synthesis of ribulose 5-Phosphate E. The Reduction of Glutathione: Answer: E. The Reduction of Glutathione 3.There are several anaplerotic reactions required to replenish intermediates of the TCA cycle. All of the following compounds can be used for these anaplerotic reactions EXCEPT: A. Aspartate B. Propionyl C. Glutamate D.Odd Chain fatty acids E. Glucose: Answer: E. Glucose _________________________________ CAN BE USED: Pyruvate Aspartate Glutamate Beta Oxidation of fatty acids adenylosuccinate; PEP carboxylase and malate dehydrogenase; Glutamine 4.Hereditary fructose intolerance is a rare recessive disease caused by a mutation in exon 5. The mutation creates a new Ahall restriction within the exon. In this graphic: 306 ===== ===== 183 ===== ===== 123 husband wife jack jill a) the husband had al b deficiency b) the wife has 2 wild allells c) Jill has wild recessive d) jack and jill have same genes: Answer: b) the wife has 2 wild allells 5.A 3-year-old boy who presented with generalized hypotonia severe psychomotor development delay and severe lactic acidosis following ingestion of a high carbohydrate meal was diagnosed with a deficiency in pyruvate dehydrogenase (X-linked recessive). Supplementation of which vitamin may be beneficial to this individual: A. Pyridoxal Phosphate (PLP) B. Folate C. Cobalmin (B12) D. Thiamine: Answer: D. Thiamine 6.Which of the following hormones binds to a receptor tyrosine kinase? A. Epinephrine B. Cortisol C. Glucagon D. Insulin: Answer: D. Insulin – Receptor tyrosine kinase are the high-affinity cell surface receptors for many polypeptide growth factors cytokines and hormones. Tyrosine kinase contain insulin growth factor which can bind to glucogan 7.Which of the following is true regarding single point mutations to a genomic DNA sequence? A . changes to the DNA sequence will always result in an amino acid change in the primary sequence B. single nucleotide changes to the DNA sequence may have no impact on the primary sequence of a protein C. single nucleotide changes to DNA will always introduce a frame shift D. single nucleotide changes will always introduce a nonsense mutation: Answer:B 8.NADH generated in the cytosol must be transported across the mitochondrial membrane in order to be oxidized by the electron transport chain. Which can be used to facilitate movement of cytosolic NADH into the mitochodria? a) Malate-aspartate shuttle b) GLUT 4 Transport c) Citrate chuttle d) Na/K+ ATPase pump: Answer: a) Malate-aspartate shuttle ___________________ NADH generated in the cytosol must be transported across the mitochondrial membrane in order to be oxidized by the electron transport chainwhich can be used to facilitate movement of cytosolic NADH into the mitochodria.this meshanism is called shuttle mechanism. 9.Prokaryotic genes are organized which contain a series of genes that are regulated by a common promoter. In the case of an inducible operon the operaon is transcribed: a) when the inducer is bound tt the repressor b) when the repressor is bound to the operator c) when the inducer is bound ot the operator d) when both the repressor and inducer are bound to the operator: Answer: A) when the inducer is bound tt the repressor 10.When the pancreatic beta cells sense an increase in glucose the release of insulin is facilitated through which of the following mechanisms? a) increase in intracellular calcium b) incrase in intracellular potassium c) decrease in intracellular ATP d) decrease in intracellular Calcium: Answer: A) an increase in intracellular calcium. 11.You have identified a mutation in the c subunit in the ATP synthase. The mutation changes the glutamate residue (that facilitates proton pumping into the mitochondrial matrix) to a glycine. The inability to dissipate the proton gradient will have which of the following impacts on the electron transport chain? A) Decreased ATP synthesis B) Increased ATP synthesis C) Increased NADH oxidation D) Increased Oxygen Consumption: Answer:A 12.During an overnight fast which of the following pathways is the primary source of glucose required for the maintenance of blood glucose levels? A) Lipolysis from adipose stores B) Muscle glycogenolysis C) Muscle Protein Catabolism D) Liver Glycogenolysis: Answer:D) Liver Glycogenolysis ______________________ Liver glycogen is broken down for gluconeogenesis. 13.Glycogen synthesis and degradation in the liver and muscle is very similar. Which of the following enzymes is not used in both muscle and liver for those metabolic pathways? A) Glycogen Phosphorylase B) Hexokinase C) Glycogen synthase D) Phosphoglucomutase E) UDP- Glucose pyrophosphorylase: Answer:B) Hexokinase 14.Insulin is a peptide hormone secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas in response to elevated levels of blood glucose. Locally insulin will inhibit the release of glucagon from alpha cells in the pancreas and it will also impact the metabolism of many peripheral tissues. The actions of insulin are best described as which of the following? a) autocrine b) paracrine and autocrine c) endocrine d) paracrine and endocrine: Answer:(d) Paracrine and endocrine __________________ Insulin acts as a messenger to instruct the bodys cells to absorb glucose in effect reducing blood glucose levels. 15.Rotenone is an inhibitor of complex 1 in the electron transport chain. Which of the following will not occur as a result of the addition of rotenone? A) Decreased Oxidation of FADH2 B) Decreased production of ATP C) Decreased oxygen consumption D) Decreased oxidation of NADH: Answer: A) Decreased Oxidation of FADH2 ___________ The addition of rotenone to the ETC does what? inhibits transfer of electrons from complex 1 to CoQ (prevents NADH from entering complex 1) -H+ movement ceases -ATP not synthesized 16.Based on the following schematic which statement best describes the acid/base properties of guanine? Image Link http://oi68.tinypic.com/ogwbp0.jpg A ) at physiological pH guanine will be positively charge B ) at physiological pH guanine will be negatively charge C) at physiological pH guanine will be neutral D) at physiological pH guanine will be an effective buffer against a base E) at physiological pH guanine will be an effective buffer against an acid: Answer: C -at pH guanine will be neutral 17.Following a meal fructose 2 6 bisphosphate levels will be elevated in the liver. Under these conditions which of the following will be dephosphorylated and inactive? a) pryuvate kinase b) glycogen synthase c) PFK1 d) glycogen phosphorylase: Answer: b) glycogen synthase 18.Given the following enzyme pathway ABCD And given that the G0 for AB is -8; for BC is +6; and for CD is +1 Then the G0 for AD is: A) +5 B) +2 C) 0 D) -1 E) -2: simple subtraction: -1 19.In the liver the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) would be dephosphorylated and active when which of the following compounds or hormones is elevated? A) ATP B) Pyruvate C) AcetylCoA D) NADH E) glucagon: Answer: E) glucagon 20.All of the following are part of the Cori Cycle EXCEPT: A) ATP is produced by the conversion of lactate to glucose B) Lactate is the result of anaerobic glycolysis in a number of tissues C) Lactate travels to the liver D) Lactate is converted to glucose in the liver E) Glucose travels from liver to other tissues: Answer: A) ATP is produced by the conversion of lactate to glucose _____________ FALSE: ATP is produced by the conversion of lactate to glucose TRUE: Lactate is the result of anaerobic glycolysis in a number of tissues Lactate travels to the liver Lactate is converted to glucose in the liver Glucose travels from liver to other tissues 21.Which of the following is a monosaccharide? A) Maltose B) Lactose C) Galactose D) Amylose: Answer: C) Galactose 22.Which of the following compounds or hormones will not facilitate the process of skeletal muscle glycogenolysis? A) Epinephrine B) Glucagen C) Ca ++ D) AMP: Answer: C) Ca ++ 23.The primary GLUT transporter used by the liver is ____________ and the primary GLUT transporter used by the skeletal muscle is _______________: A) GLUT4; GLUT2 B) GLUT1;GLUT4 C) GLUT2 ; GLUT4 D) GLUT5; GLUT2: Answer: C) GLUT2 GLUT4 24.Glucogan will influence the metabolism in the liver adipose and skeletal muscle during fasting. Which of the following is consistent with the impact of glucogon? A) Glucogan will increase output of glucose by liver B) triaglycerol synthesis in adipose C) oxidation of glucose in muscle D) oxidation of glucose in live: Answer: A) Glucogan will increase output of glucose by liver ___________________ Because glucogan control the mechanism of glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis under the fasting condition glucogan provide the glucose by these two mechanism 25.Chronic smokers have an elevation of guanine residues associated with a benzopyrene ring. This bulky distortion to the DNA is repaired through which of the following mechanisms? A) Nucleotide excision repair B) Bases excision repair C) Mismatch repair D) Homologous end joining: Answer: A) Nucleotide excision repair 26.Under conditions of anaerobic glycolysis pyruvate is primarily oxidized to which compound: a) malate b)lactate c) Acetoly CoA d) isocitrate: Answer: B) Lactate 27.Insulin is a major metabolic hormone. Its Primary role on metabolism is best summarized by which of the following statements? A) It mobilizes glycogen stores during acute stress B) It activates processes to mobilize fuel stores C) It stimulates protein synthesis during fasting D) it promotes fuel storage and growth after a meal: Answer: D) it promotes fuel storage and growth after a meal _____________ Insulin secret from pancrease by Beta cells it function into control blood sugar level. so it can control it by mobilize fuel because our major fuel is sugar. 28.Certain conditions such as excessive alcohol consumption can increase the ratio of NADH/NAD+ in the mitochondria. This will directly inhibit which of the following enzymes? a) PFK1 b) PDC (kinase) c) isocitrate d) succinate thiokinase: Answer: B) PDC Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex 29.The oxidation of glucose produces NADH. NADH can be oxidized in the mitochondria and in this process the terminal electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is which of the following compounds? a) NADH b) FAD c) O2 d) H2O: Answer: c) O2 30.What is the oxidizing agent in the following reaction? ^oh (Ethanol) + NAD+ <=> o=^h (Acetaldehye ) + NADH + H+ A) Ethanol B) NAD+ C) Acetaldehye D) NADH: Answer: B) NAD+ is the oxidizing agent in this reaction because it is getting reduced by consuming one electron. Whichever product is reduced i.e. gains an electron (- / H+) ] 31.Several TCA cycle intermediates can be used as a substrate for the synthesis of other compounds. Succinyl CoA is an intermediate that is directly used for the synthesis of which of the following compounds? a) R5P b) G3P C) Heme D) purines: Answer: C) Heme 32.A 2-year-old boy is recently diagnosed with red-green color blindness which is an X-linked recessive disorder. Which of the following represents the genotype of this individual? A) XY ( X recessive X allele and Y chromosome) B) Rr (one wildtype autosomal allele and one recessive allele) C) XY ( X wild type X allele and Y chromosome D) rr ( two recessive autosomal alleles): Answer: A) XY ( X recessive X allele and Y chromosome) 33.Dinitrophenol is an uncoupler of the electron transport chain. The addition of dinitrophenol will have which of the following impacts to the cell? a) increase oxygen consumption b) increase ATP production c) decrease NADH oxidation d) increase protein concentration in the cytosol: Answer: a) increase oxygen consumption 34.Under conditions when a cell only needs to use the nonoxidative portion of the pentose phosphate pathway to synthesize ribose 5-phosphate the elevated levels of NADPH in the cell will inhibit which of the following enzymes? A) transaldese B) alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase C) transketolase D) G-6-phosphate dehydrogenase E) Glucose 6- phosphatase: Answer:D)G-6-phosphate dehydrogenase Ribose 5-P only needed so only the nonoxidative reactions. High NADPH inhibits glucoe-6-phosphate dehydrogenase so transketolase and transaldolase are used to convert fructose 6-P and glyceraldehyde 3-P to ribose 5-P. 35.Which of the following intermediates is a feed-forward activator of pyruvate kinase? A) Glucose-6-Phosphate B) Fructose-1-6-biphosphate C) Fructose 6 Phosphate D) Glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate E) Phosphoenolpyruvate: Answer:B) Fructose-1-6-biphosphate 36.Which of the following activators is correctly paired with the glycolytic or TCA cycle enzyme that it activates? A) Glucose-6-Phosphate : Hexokinase B) ATP: alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase C) ATP: Pyruvate kinase D) Fructose-2-6-biphosphate : phosphofructokinase 1 (PFK1) E) Citrate : citrate synthase: Answer:D) Fructose-2-6-biphosphate : phosphofructokinase 1 (PFK1) 37.Skeletal muscle does not have the enzyme glucose 6-phosphatase which is required to dephosphorylate glucose-6-P released during the process of glycogenolysis. As a result of this glucose 6-P released from muscle glycogen stores is primarily used for which of the following processes? A ) it enters the glycolytic pathway and is oxidized B) it helps maintain blood glucose levels C ) it is used for protein synthesis D ) it is used as a substrate for glycogen synthesis: Answer: A) it enters the glycolytic pathway and is oxidized 38.In the red blood cell glucose can be oxidized to two primary products. One of the oxidation products is ribulose 5-phosphate and the other is which of the following compounds? A) Acetyl CoA B) Carbon Dioxide C) Ethanol D) Lactate: Answer:D) Lactate 39.Besides its role in glycogen synthesis which of the following directly relies on UDP-glucose? A) galactose metabolism B) gluconeogenesis C) glycolysis D) sucrose metabolism E) fructose metabolism: Answer:A) galactose metabolism 40.Hereditary fructose intolerance (HFI) is a rare recessive disorder that is caused by a mutation in the aldolase B gene. As a result of this disorder individuals may have all of the following symptoms EXCEPT: a) inability to metabolize lactose b)reduced blood glucose levels during fasting c)reducing sugar in the urine d)hepatomegaly: Answer:a) inability to metabolize lactose ___________ WILL NOT HAVE: -inability to metabolize lactose WILL HAVE: -reduced blood glucose levels during fasting -reducing sugar in the urine -hepatomegaly 41.When glucagon binds its receptor there is an increase in the second messenger cAMP. cAMP levels can be decreased by which of the following enzymes? A) Adenylyl cyclase B) Protein Kinase A C) Phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase (PDK 1) D) Phosphodiesterase: Answer:D) Phosphodiesterase 42.Which of the following statements best describes the action of epinephrine? a) It promotes of fuel storage after a meal b) It promotes of protein synthesis c) facilitates maintenance of glucose during fasting d) it works to mobilized fuels during acute stress: Answer:d) it works to mobilized fuels during acute stress ________________ increased release of glucose 43.An individual with a deficiency in Pyruvcute stressate Dehydrogenase Complex (PDC) will have elevated levels of which metabolite after consuming a meal high in carbohydrates? A) Oxaloacetate B) Lactate C) AcetylCoA D) Citrate: Answer:B) Lactate 44.Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an autosomal recessive disorder that can be caused by a defect in phenylalanine hydroxylase. Phenylketonuria can also present due to a deficiency in which of the following vitamins or cofactors? A) Tetrahydrobi
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