29 Jul WHAT ABNORMAL RESULTS MEAN
SHORT SYNOPSIS OF LAB WITH SUPPORT FROM RESULTS
ABSTRACT
This lab demonstrated the differences between normal and abnormal urine through the
administration of a urinalysis test on the subjects urine. The physical characteristics of normal
urine, such as color, cloudiness, and odor, as well as variables that can often indicate
abnormalities were understood through..
IF/THAN STATEMENT PREDICTING THE OUTCOME OF THE
LAB
HYPOTHESIS
PROCEDURE
Procedure
1. Get a small cup to in which to collect your urine sample.
2. Before collecting, void a small amount of urine from your bladder to clear the urethra
of any
contaminants such as bacteria or menstrual blood.
3. Void into the small cup.
4. Wash your hands and return to your work area.
5. Observe the physical characteristics of your urine sample and record the following
information
in the data table below.
a. The color of your urine will vary from very pale yellow to amber. Urochrome is the byproduct
of hemoglobin that gives urine its yellowish color.
b. The clarity or cloudiness of your urine sample. Is there any sediment?
6. You will now test the pH of your urine sample using the pH test strip from your LabPaq.
URINALYSIS LAB
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7. Dip the pH test strip into the sample for a few seconds and remove.
8. Place the pH test strip on a paper towel and compare the color of the test with the pH color
guide on the strip. Record the pH of your urine in the data table.
9. Get out the Urinalysis Test Stick to check the glucose and protein content of your urine.
10. Dip the stick into your urine sample and hold it in the urine for 10 seconds.
11. Remove the testing stick and place it on a paper towel.
12. Using the guide that came with the testing stick, read the glucose and protein content of
your
urine sample.
13. Record your results into the data table.
14. Read over the following information about normal and abnormal urinalysis results.
Normal Values
Normal urine may vary in color from almost colorless to dark yellow. Some foods (like beets
and blackberries) may color the urine red.
The urine specific gravity ranges between 1.006 and 1.030 (higher numbers mean a higher
concentration). The specific gravity varies depending on the time of day, amount of food and
liquids consumed, and the amount of recent exercise.
The urine pH is also influenced by a number of factors. Generally the normal pH range is
from
4.6 to 8.0, with an average of 6.0.
There is usually no detectable urine glucose, urine ketones, or urine protein.
There are usually no red blood cells in urine.
Hemoglobin is not normally found in the urine.
Bilirubin is normally not detected in the urine. There may be a trace of urobilinogen in the
urine.
Nitrites and white blood cells (leukocytes) are not normally present in the urine.
What abnormal results mean
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URINE APPEARANCE AND COLOR: If the urine is of an unusual color that cannot be
accounted
for by food intake or medication (and the urinalysis is positive), consult the health care provider.
URINE SPECIFIC GRAVITY: If the specific gravity is higher or lower than the normal range, or if
it
does not vary (the concentration of the urine depends on the time of day, the amount of food
and
fluids you have had, and the amount of exercise you have had recently), it may indicate a
kidney
problem, and you should consult the health care provider
URINE PH: In some situations, alkaline urine is good. Kidney stones are less likely to form and
some
antibiotics are more effective in the alkaline urine. There may be times when the acidic urine
may
help prevent some kinds of kidney stones and may prevent growth of certain types of bacteria. If
the pH is very acidic or alkaline, you may want to discuss it with the health care provider.
URINE SUGAR: When blood levels of glucose are very high, some of the glucose may show up
in
the urine. The glucose and the ketones tests are usually done together. Large amounts of
ketones
may be present in uncontrolled diabetes. Consult the health care provider.
URINE PROTEIN: Finding protein in the urine is probably the best test for screening for kidney
disease, although there may be a number of causes for an increased protein level in the urine.
Consult the health care provider.
When blood is found in the urine, it may indicate a urinary tract disease or bleeding from the
kidneys. However, the cause may also be vigorous physical exercise. If there is no association
between exercise and the positive blood findings, consult the health care provider.
OTHER: Bilirubin in the urine is a sign of a liver or bile duct disease, and you should consult the
health care provider. Urobilinogen is found in small traces in the urine. If there are large
amounts,
URINALYSIS LAB
5
you should discuss it with the health care provider.
Nitrites and white blood cells are an indication that a urinary tract infection is present and you
should contact the health care provider.
Any vitamin C that the body does not need is excreted in the urine. If there are measurable
amounts of vitamin C in the urine, it may interfere with the other urine tests. One may receive
false positives and false negatives on the results.
SUPPLY DATA
OBSERVATIONS
Data Table
1
Characteristi Results/Remarks/Values
c
Color
Clarity
Odor
pH
Glucose
Protein
RESULTS
ANSWER EACH QUESTION IN FIVE TO EIGHT
SENTENCES
The function of the kidneys is to filter blood and in so doing, maintain blood homeostasis.
Toxins and excess materials are removed from the blood to be voided in the urine. In
addition, the kidney is responsive to antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from the posterior lobe
of the pituitary gland, and aldosterone from the adrenal cortex. These hormones play a
URINALYSIS LAB
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role in regulating body fluid compartments, blood pressure, and electrolyte balance.
Furthermore, the kidneys help maintain the pH of the blood.
1. Sunstroke was a common danger in biblical days (2 Kings 4:18-20). Comment on the
role the kidneys play in adjusting electrolyte and fluid balance as a result of sunstroke.
2. In the bible, the kidneys are almost always mentioned in conjunction with the heart.
Based on our current understanding of anatomy and the function of the kidneys, make a
correlation between our kidneys and cardiac output (blood supply).
3. What is the renal system?
4. Why is it important to understand renal physiology when it comes to abusing drugs or
alcohol?
ANSWER QUESTIONS WITH SUPPORT FROM DATA
FROM LAB
A. What is the normal pH range of urine?
B. What substances in the urine might indicate that a person has diabetes?
C. What factors might affect the color, odor and pH of a urine sample?
URINALYSIS LAB
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D. What are the three physiological processes involved in urine production? E. What
would a high level of protein in the urine indicate?
SUMMARIZE THE OBJECTIVES BELOW IN ONE
PARAGRAPH AND DESCRIBE PURPOSE OF LAB
CONCLUSION
Describe the physical characteristics of normal urine
Compare the physical and chemical characteristics of normal and abnormal urine
Conduct a urinalysis test on your own urine sample
REFERENCES
Marieb & Hoehn (2010). Human Anatomy and Physiology.San Francisco, CA: Pearson
Benjamin Cummings
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