17 Aug Can Someone Help With A Sociology Paper?
For this assignment, you will write a 3 page paper. The paper will have double-spaced text and use standard 12-point font and 1-inch margins. There is no need for a separate title page. Your paper should be in the standard 5-paragraph expository essay format (Links to an external site.), and you should cite at least 3 class resources from this week (e.g. readings from Ore book, online materials, including data sources). Your essay will be based on the required materials from this week; there’s no need to make use of materials from outside the class. The assignment must be submitted (in MS Word or Rich Text format) through WebCourses by Sunday 7/28 at 11:59pm. There is a rubric for the assignment, which will be used to assign points based on the criteria detailed below.
1. This assignment requires that you first read all of the assigned materials listed in Module 8 on Violence & Social Control. Your entire Analysis Paper needs to be based on the materials from the module, including our course text readings and online resources. As always, be sure to cite all resources fully and properly using ASA Style (see “Tips for Success” below for assistance with citations, including a link to an online citation resource).
2. Explore that data reported in the Criminal Victimization, 2015 Bulletin (Links to an external site.), which reports select data from the 2015 National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS). There is a lot of important data to consider in this bulletin. I encourage you to explore all of the data, reading carefully to make sure you understand what is being conveyed. Pay particular attention to:
· The overall trend in violent crime victimization from 1993-2015 (Figure 1). Note that murder is not in these data, since the NCVS is built from interviews with survivors of violence.
· Read Table 7: Rate of violent victimization, by victim demographic characteristics, 2014 and 2015 carefully. Note that the rates presented are the rate per 1000 people age 12 and over. As you read the table, focus on the 2015 data, noting how it compares with 2014. Your goal in reading the table is to make important sociological comparisons. Do you see patterns in the data presented in Table 7 with regard to more and less powerful groups in terms of gender, race, age, and social class and the rates of violence that these groups experience? How do these data relate to the patterns of violence addressed in our other materials/readings for this week?
3. Write your paper in which you analyze U.S. violence from a sociological perspective. Your paper should make use of data and arguments provided by course materials (i.e., the textbook and online resources) in this week’s module. Remember, this is a course on social power and inequalities. Power relationships and related inequalities play out in experiences of violence–this applies for all of the systems of inequality we’ve discussed thus far this semester (race/ethnicity, class, gender, sexuality, (dis)ability, immigration/citizenship status, etc.). This week’s readings provide you with a lot of data on violence as well as explanations for violence. Your task is to integrate key bits of the data and the course materials’ insights into a coherent paper.
Tips for Success
Sociological Content: Remember that this is a sociology course. You therefore need to frame your paper using sociological insights, which are provided by the readings. You demonstrate your understanding of these materials by using specific concepts/ideas presented in the readings and applying them correctly to the topic you’re discussing. Concepts help you explain why or how something happens in the world, and sociological explanations point toward collective, institutional patterns and practices such as policies that are enacted by the state (the government) and economic institutions (like employers).
Citing properly: You must cite properly using ASA Style (Links to an external site.) guidelines (use the ASA guidelines for citations only, not for paper formatting, which I’ve explained above.). Not citing properly could result in plagiarism, a serious offense that could result in failing not only the assignment, but the entire course. After following the citation link above, pay special attention to the style information for “in-text citations” and “reference page” formatting. Note that our course text by Tracey Ore is cited as a “chapter in an edited volume.” This means you cite the author of the specific chapter we’re reading–Tracey Ore is the editor for the text.
Below is a sample citation for a selection from the Ore text. Note that the only information to change for other selections are the author, selection title, and the page ranges.
Omi, Michael and Howard Winant. 2019. “Racial Formations.” Pp. 19-26 in The Social Construction of Difference and Inequality: Race, Class, Gender and Sexuality, 7th Ed, edited by Tracy E. Ore. NY: Oxford University Press.
This Module’s Topic is:
Violence & Social Control
Introduction
Welcome to Module 8 of Social Power & Inequality! In this module, the reading material introduces some of the key ideas in the sociological study of violence and social control.
When sociologists discuss social control, we are merely referring to the practices that individuals and groups undertake to influence people to think or behave in ways that correspond with group norms, values, and ideals. We generally distinguish between formal social control and informal social control. Formal social control is produced by formal institutional rules and the practices that enforce those rules. Thus, laws and their enforcement by police and the criminal justice system are examples of formal social control. Similarly, your UCF student code of conduct and related sanctions are another example. Formal social control is relatively easy to identify, given its codification in formal rules. Relative to formal social control, informal social control can be harder to identify. Informal social control exists to the extent that social practices seek to channel people’s actions in the direction of those most highly valued by the group or society. For example, when we police people’s gender performances–how they dress, talk, etc.–we are engaging in informal social control in an effort to promote gender conformity.
Social control and violence can be related to each other as we can interpret some acts of violence as a means of exercising social control. Thus, when our gender policing incorporates physical assault, the social control takes the form of physical violence. From this perspective, violence and threats of violence are understood to be means through which dominant group members and those seeking to align themselves with dominant group members reinforce their dominance. This is an important insight that many people outside of sociology (and related fields) often do not understand. Far too often, we treat violence as if it’s random, unpatterned. But violence is decidedly patterned in ways that can and should be understood sociologically.
If there is an overarching rule governing violence, it is that violence is most likely to happen to those who are oppressed or marginalized in a social system. This holds true for nearly all systems of inequality; those who are most vulnerable to violence tend to be those who are most vulnerable socially, politically, and economically. If we turn our attention away from victims/survivors of violence, and toward the perpetrators of violence, a pattern exists as well. Men are far and away more violent than women. According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics (Links to an external site.), men account for nearly 80% of violent crimes and 95% of rapes/sexual assaults (see Table 38 in linked document). These and similar data have led many social scientists and activists to explore the links between cultural understandings of masculinity and violence (see a classic statement by Michael Kaufman on the “Triad of Men’s Violence (Links to an external site.)” on his website).
Sociological insights about power, social control, and violence can help us understand an array of contemporary social issues. Consider, for example, the recent headlines about powerful Hollywood producer Harvey Weinstein’s pattern of sexually preying upon women. For many, this news is entirely unsurprising, as an array of other powerful men–Donald Trump, Bill Cosby, R. Kelly, Bill Clinton, Supreme Court Justice nominee Brett Kavanaugh etc.–appear to have done so as well. Of course, not all men are powerful players in Hollywood, politics, or corporations, but a massive body of scholarship and governmental data confirms that sexual violence against women is a widespread phenomenon in our culture–thus men from all backgrounds engage in this violence. The “Me, too” movement (Links to an external site.)(#metoo) offers further evidence to demonstrate the phenomenon. Men’s harassment of and violence against women can be understood as a means of social control, a way to reinforce men’s power over women.
Another pressing social issue is the criminal justice system’s targeting of people of color in general and African Americans in particular. This targeting occurs in every step of the process from policing to sentencing and incarceration. It also includes police using lethal violence against African Americans. Myriad analysts have argued that all of these efforts serve to preserve White people’s power.
Finally, when thinking about the #metoo movement and the criminalization of people of color and other dimensions of violence and social control, it is important to keep an intersectional perspective in mind. Thus, when women experience gendered forms of violence and social control, it is often racialized and class-based. Thus, women who are marginalized in some other way–by their race, by their class, by their gender identity (e.g., trans women)–are more likely to experience violence or to experience informal means of social control than those who are part of the the dominant group in another dimension (e.g., White women, middle-/upper-class women, cisgender women). Keep intersectionality in mind as you read through this week’s materials and be sure to infuse an intersectional perspective in your Analysis Paper.
As you read through this week’s materials, keep the above sociological perspective in mind.
Learning Objectives
Through completing this module, you will demonstrate your ability to:
· clearly articulate sociological understandings of social control and violence;
· apply lessons from historical and contemporary phenomena to explain how social control and violence act as mechanisms in the production of inequality;
· develop your understanding of the social construction of differences and their relationship to power differences across groups who are situated differently to violence;
· explain how intersections between systems of inequality shape different groups of people’s experiences with violence.
Assignments Overview
In order to complete this module, you will:
Required reading/viewing:
(Ore, Tracey E. 2019. The Social Construction of Difference and Inequality: Race, Class, Gender, and Sexuality, 7th Ed. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN: 9780190647964) SPLC—“Climate of Fear”(#32); Wade et al.—“Ruling Out Rape”(#33); Schneider et al.—“Cyberbullying, School Bullying…” (#34)
(Web Materials)
· Explore the Southern Poverty Law Center’s “Hate Map (Links to an external site.),” which maps hate groups in the U.S. It is helpful to explore how the SPLC defines hate groups, and which groups exist near us in central Florida (or any geographic region that you have an interest in).
· Explore RAINN’s “Statistics (Links to an external site.)” page regarding sexual violence. Be sure to scroll down the page and explore the “Scope of the Problem,” “Victims of Sexual Violence,” “Children & Teens,” “Perpretrators of Sexual Violence,” and the other links available. I’ve provided this link as a reputable resource for information on sexual violence. Note that the data that RAINN using is typically from the National Crime Victimization Survey (Links to an external site.) and other Bureau of Justice Statistics reports. As sociologists, it’s important to be familiar with these resources that are used by social scientists when trying to understand issues.
· Read “In the Crosshairs (Links to an external site.)” by Don Terry of the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPCL). I have included this article because it describes and documents a terrifying phenomenon in the U.S.: the murder of trans women of color. The murder of transgender people is far too common in teh U.S., so much so that the article points out that on November 20 each year, people across the nation gather together for the Transgender Day of Remembrance. Unfortunately, these data are hitting very close to home this year, as there have been at least 5 Black transwomen murdered in Central/North Florida (Links to an external site.). As sociologists, it is important that we understand that these acts of violence as a means of reinforcing our cultural ideas pertaining to gender and how they intersect with race, class, etc., namely the gender binary and commitments to cisgender people and how these commitments play out in racialized, class-based ways.
· Read NCAVP’s 2016 Report on LGBTQ and HIV-Affected Hate Violence (Links to an external site.). This report overlaps with the SPCL article above, but also provides some more detailed data. What emerges from this report is an intersectional understanding of how LGBTQ people are targeted based on their gender, sexuality, race, (dis)ability status, and a number of other factors. The report also provides information on experiences with police for those who survived/expeirenced violence/harassment. Note that a lot of the data appear in Appendix 1.
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