22 Aug PART1- Interview questionnaires: PART1- Interview questionnaires:
PART1- Interview questionnaires:
Read the “Test Yourself” section on p. 199 in Ch. 9 of Exploring Research.
Discuss your response with your classmates.
PART2-CORRELATION DISCUSSION:
Read the “Test Yourself” section on p. 207 in Ch. 9 of Exploring Psychology.
Discuss your response with your classmates.
PART3- LITERATURE REVIEW: Summarize what you have learned about the Literature Review process, this week.
Respond to one or more of the following prompts in one to two paragraphs
1. Provide citation and reference to the material(s) you discuss. Describe what you found interesting regarding this topic, and why.
2. Describe how you will apply that learning in your daily life, including your work life.
3. Describe what may be unclear to you, and what you would like to learn.
PART5-STEPS FOR CREATING METHODOLOGY: Using Figure 1.2 in Ch. 1 of Exploring Research, create a flowchart using Microsoft® Word or a similar program that helps you identify what research design to use for your research question.
RESOURCES FOR ASSIGNMENT 1 THROUGH 3:
Chapter 9 Nonexperimental Research: Descriptive and Correlational Methods
WHAT YOU’LL LEARN ABOUT IN THIS CHAPTER:
- • What survey research is as well as some of its advantages and disadvantages
- • The development and use of surveys
- • The value and validity of survey research
- • The importance and use of follow-up studies
- • The purpose and use of correlational research
- • How correlational studies are used
- • How to compute and interpret a correlation coefficient
In some ways, your work on the first eight chapters of Exploring Research has been done to prepare you for the next four, all of which deal with particular types of research designs or research methods. In this chapter, you will learn about nonexperimental research methods, which are ways of looking at research questions without the direct manipulation of a variable. Chapter 10 discusses another nonexperimental approach: qualitative methods. Why a separate chapter? Because the whole area of qualitative methods stands alone as a somewhat unique approach to asking and answering social and behavioral science research questions.So, let’s turn our attention to the techniques we will deal with here.For example, if you wanted to understand the factors that may be related to why certain undergraduates smoke and why others do not, you might want to complete some type of survey, one of the descriptive techniques that will be covered in this chapter. Or, if you were interested in better understanding the relationship between risk-taking behavior and drug abuse, perhaps the first (but not the last) step would be to conduct a correlational study in which you would learn about questions of a correlational nature. You would be examining the association between variables and learning about the important distinction between association (two things being related since they share something in common) and causality (one thing causing another).This chapter focuses on descriptive research questions, how they are asked and how they are answered. It’s the first chapter on methods before we move on to qualitative, true experimental, and quasi-experimental methods.
Descriptive Research
Although several factors distinguish different types of research from one another, probably the most important factor is the type of question that you want to answer (see the summary chart on page 00 in Chapter 1). If you are conducting descriptive research, you are trying to understand events that are occurring in the present and how they might relate to other factors. You generate questions and hypotheses, collect data, and continue as if you were conducting any type of research.Descriptive research describes the current state of some phenomenon.The purpose of descriptive research is to describe the current state of affairs at the time of the study. For example, if you want to know how many teachers use a particular teaching method, you could ask a group of students to complete a questionnaire, thereby measuring the outcome as it occurs. If you wanted to know whether there were differences in the frequency of use of particular types of words among 3-, 5-, and 7-year-olds, you would describe those differences within a descriptive or developmental framework.The most significant difference between descriptive research and causal comparative or experimental research (discussed in detail in Chapter 11) is that descriptive research does not include a treatment or a control group. You are not trying to test the influence of any variable upon another. In other words, all you are doing for readers of your research is painting a picture. When people read a report that includes one of the several descriptive methods that will be discussed, they should be able to envision the larger picture of what occurred. There may be room to discuss why it occurred, but that question is usually left to a more experimental approach.Although there are many different types of descriptive research, the focus of this discussion will be on survey research, and correlational studies in which relationships between variables are described.
Survey Research
The best application of sampling in theory and practice can probably be found in survey research. Survey researchers attempt to study directly the characteristics of populations through the use of surveys. You may be most familiar with the types of surveys done around election time, wherein relatively small samples of potential voters (about 1,200) are questioned about their voting intentions. To the credit of the survey designers, the results are often very close to the actual outcomes following the election.Survey research, also called sample surveys, examines the frequency and relationships between psychological and sociological variables and taps into constructs such as attitudes, beliefs, prejudices, preferences, and opinions. For example, a sample survey could be used to assess the following:
- • Parents’ attitudes toward the use of punishment in schools
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