09 Sep Organic Chemistry Homework
Objective: To employ molecular models to investigate the bonding of the carbon atom in various types of organic compounds. The geometry, bond flexibility / rotation, and the arrangement and / or connectivity of various atoms around the carbon will be explored.
Atoms: The following atoms will be used for this experiment:
Carbon = black ball
Hydrogen = white ball
Oxygen = red ball
Nitrogen = blue ball
Halogen (F, Cl, Br, or I) = green ball
Terminology:
Hybridization: The combination of atomic orbitals of different types. The hybridization depends on the electron geometry of a molecule
Isomer: Different compounds or representation of a compound with the same molecular formula
Constitutional (Structural)
Stereoisomers (Geometric or Optical)
Conformational
Sigma bond (σ): A bond where the electron density lies between two nuclei, along the axis joining them, and is cylindrically symmetric about the axis.
Pi bond (П): A bond formed between overlapping p orbitals.
Procedure:
Students will make models of the various organic compounds. Each group will collect 5 carbons, 12 hydrogens, 1oxygen, 3 halogens and 1nitrogen. For all of the compounds listed, use the math concept to determine the number of bonds required. Draw out these structures.
1. Compound # 1: CH4
· Replace one of the H with a halogen. What is the formula of this new compound? Are the compounds the same?
· Replace another H with a halogen. What is the new formula? Describe how this compound is similar and different from the other compounds.
· Replace another hydrogen with a halogen. What is the formula for the compound? Define the polarity of the above three compounds.
2. Compound #2: C2H6
· Rotate the C-C bonds 60º (6x).
· Replace one of the H with a halogen. What is the formula with the halogen added to the structure?
· Replace another H on the same C with another halogen. What is the formula?
· Replace an H on both carbons with a halogen? What is the formula?
· Rotate this model C-C bond by 60º (6x)
· Compare this model to the previous model where both halogens were bonded to the same carbon. How do these two di-halogen molecules compare and differ?
3. Compound # 3: C3H6O
· Bring these atoms together according to their bonding capabilities. How many compounds can be formed from these atoms? Discuss their similarities (besides formula) and differences
4. Compound #4: C4H10
· Connect the atoms in the molecule. Rotate the C2-C3 bonds 60º (6x).
· Discuss the impact on the rotation for this molecule. Are there any rotations which you feel are favored and disfavored by the molecule?
5. Compound #5: C4H8
· Connect the atoms in this molecule.
· How many different compounds can come from this formula? Describe the similarities and differences between these compounds.
6. Compound #6: C4H6
· Connect the atoms in this molecule.
· How many different compounds can come from this formula? Describe the similarities and differences between these compounds.
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