03 Oct Critical Thinking
Read the passages below and write an essay that addresses the following:
What is the position in each passage?
What evidence or reasons are given in support of each position?
Which position is more convincing and why?
Do no additional research on the topics other than using a dictionary. [NEW]
The Controversy: Does fracking contribute to global warming?
Passage 1. Pro: from “Fracking Contributes to Global Warming” by Louis W. Allstadt
The fracking that’s going on right now is the real wake-up call on just what extreme lengths are
required to pull oil or gas out of the ground now that most of the conventional reservoirs have
been exploited—at least those that are easy to access.
First of all you have to look at what is conventional oil and gas. That was pretty much anything
that was produced until around 2000. It’s basically a process of drilling down through a cap rock,
an impervious rock that has trapped oil and gas beneath it. And once you’re into that reservoir—
which is really not a void, it’s porous rock—the natural pressure of the gas will push up the gas
and oil.
Now what’s happened is that the prospect of finding more of those conventional reservoirs,
particularly on land and in the places that have been heavily explored like the US and Europe
and the Middle East just is very, very small. And the companies have pretty much acknowledged
that. All of them talk about the need to go to either nonconventional shale or tight sand drilling
or to go into deeper and deeper waters or to go into really hostile Arctic regions and possibly
Antarctic regions.
Both the horizontal drilling and fracturing have been around for a long time. The industry will
tell you this over and over again—they’ve been around for 60 years, things like that. That is
correct. What’s different is the volume of fracking fluids and the volume of flowback that occurs
in these wells. It is 50 to 100 times more than what was used in the conventional wells.
The other [difference] is that the rock above the target zone is not necessarily impervious the
way it was in the conventional wells. And to me that last point is at least as big as the volume.
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