A person has a vital capacity of 6,000 cc, a tidal volume

09 Jun A person has a vital capacity of 6,000 cc, a tidal volume

Question
1) A person has a vital capacity of 6,000 cc, a tidal volume of 520 cc, and expiratory reserve capacity of
1380cc. This person has an inspiratory reserve capacity of
a) 4500 cc, b) 2500 cc, c) 6080 cc, d) 4100 cc, e) 6300 cc.
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2) Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures states that
a) the sum of the individual gas pressures in a system equals the square root of the total system
pressure
b) the sum of the individual gas pressures in a system equals the square of the total system pressure
c) the sum of the individual gas pressures in a system equals the total system pressure.
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3) At a blood PaO2 of about 90 mmHg, hemoglobin is approximately:
a) 97% saturated with oxygen,
b) 60% saturated with oxygen,
c) 50% saturated with oxygen,
d) 30% saturated with oxygen,
e) 10% saturated with oxygen.
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4) With a decrease in blood pH, the percentage of blood hemoglobin that is saturated with oxygen at a blood PO2 of 70 mmHg will:
a) increase,
b) decrease,
c) stay the same,
d) it depends on the PCO2,
e) it depends on the blood concentration of sodium ions.
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5) Minute respiratory volume, or MRV, is equal to:
a) end-diastolic volume x RR,
b) forced expiratory volume x tidal volume,
c) vital capacity / breaths per minute,
d) tidal volume x breaths/minute
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6) A rise in blood levels of H+ will cause blood pH to
a) increase, b) decrease, c) remain unchanged.
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7) Pickup or delivery of substances that are reabsorbed or secreted by the PCT and the DCT is provided by the
a) afferent arteriole, b) peritubular capillaries, c) renal artery, d) efferent arteriole.
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8) The transport of solutes from the peritubular capillaries into the tubular fluid
a) is secretion, b) involves active transport, c) BOTH a and b, d) NEITHER a nor b.
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9) The dominant cation in extracellular fluid is
a) Na+, b) K+, c) H+, d) Ca++.
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10) Carbon dioxide combines with water to form
a) carbonic acid, b) carboxylic acid, c) sodium bicarbonate, d) alpha-3-carbol water.
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11) Of the following electrolytes, which is more abundant in the intracellular fluid compartment than in the extracellular fluid
compartment?
a) Na+, b) Cl-, c) K+.
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12) A substance having a molecular mass of 70,000 Daltons would not normally cross the glomerulus
capillary wall to enter the material in the nephron tubule system.
(True / False).
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13) The loop of Henle
a) is located for the most part in the renal medulla.,
b) transports NaCl to the interstitial tissue space,
c) BOTH a and b,
d) NEITHER a nor b.
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14) The collecting ducts
a) contain receptors for ADH hormone,
b) run parallel to the ascending limbs of the loops of Henle,

c) BOTH a and b,
d) NEITHER a nor b.

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15) Antidiuretic hormone causes the ‘formation’ of
a) Na+/K+ transport pumps,
b) H+ ion pumps,
c) K+ gates,
d) water gates.
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16) Functions of the digestive system include all of the following EXCEPT:
a) amylase production,
b) excretion of calcium,
c) absorption of nutrients,
d) feces formation,
e) swallowing of food.

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17) Food passes from ___ to ____.
a) duodenum to stomach,
b) ileum to jejunum,
c) jejunum to ileum,
d) colon to ileum,
e) stomach to esophagus.
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18) The main function(s) of the colon is/are:
a) water reabsorption,
b) electrolyte secretion,
c) BOTH a and b,
d) NEITHER a nor b.

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19) Function(s) of the stomach include:
a) lipase production,
b) pepsinogen production,
c) sulfuric acid production,
d) ALL of the above,
e) NONE of the above.

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20) Function(s) of the duodenum include:
a) vitamin K synthesis,
b) bile synthesis,
sc) nutrient absorption,
d) ALL of the above, e) NONE of the above.

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21) Alveolar ventilation is equal to the
a) dead space ventilation
b) tidal volume times respiratory rate
c) minute ventilation
d) minute ventilation minus dead space ventilation
e) CO2 production/min

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22) Consider the two patients below on which respiratory measurements were made

Which of the following statements about these two patients is true?

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a) The alveolar ventilation is greater in patient B than in patient A
b) The alveolar ventilation is greater in patient A than in patient B
c) The alveolar ventilation in both patients is equal
d) The dead space ventilation in both patients is equal

23) Maximal inspiratory gas flow occurs when the
a) lung volume approaches total lung capacity (TLC)
b) lung volume approaches residual volume (RV)
c) alveolar pressure is most negative
d) interpleural pressure is approximately -5 cm H2O
e) abdominal muscles are maximally contracted

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24) A reduction in local alveolar ventilation is associated with
a) an increase in regional pulmonary blood flow
b) a decrease in regional alveolar CO2 tension
c) a decrease in regional alveolar O2 tension
d) an increase in regional tissue pH
e) an increase in capillary hemoglobin saturation

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25) Airway resistance can be reduced by
a) increasing parasympathetic impulses to the lungs
b) administering a β-adrenergic blocking drug (blocks nor-epinephrine effects on heart, lung)
c) decreasing the radial traction exerted by lung tissue
d) performing a maximal forced expiration
e) increasing lung volume

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26) A lack of normal surfactant, as occurs in infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), results in
a) increased lung compliance
b) stabilization of alveolar volume
c) increased retractive (collapsing) force of the lungs
d) reduced alveolar-arterial PO2 difference
e) decreased filtration forces in the pulmonary capillaries

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27) The vital capacity (VC) is the sum of the
a) residual volume (RV), tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
b) RV, tidal volume, and inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
c) RV, ERV, and IRV
d) ERV, IRV, and tidal volume

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Cardiovascular Physiology
28) A patient with coronary artery disease undergoes coronary arteriography, which reveals a partial
blockage causing a 50% decrease in the lumen diameter of the left anterior descending coronary
artery. The resistance in this artery would increase (due to this narrowing) approximately by a factor
of:
a) 2, b) 4, c) 8, d) 12, e) 16

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29) Consider again the patient in Question 8, ( 50% decrease in the lumen diameter of the left anterior
descending coronary artery). For any arteriovenous pressure gradient, the flow through this artery
(compared with normal) decreases by a factor of approximately :
a) 2, b) 4, c) 8, d) 12, e) 16

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30) Which of the following is an important and physiologically adjustable cause of peripheral resistance in the cardiovascular system
a) venous muscular tone
b) arterial blood pressures
c) arteriolar muscular tone
d) blood viscosity
e) B and C

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Gastrointestinal Physiology

31) Nutrient absorption occurs primarily in the
a) stomach
b) liver
c) appendix
d) small intestine
e) large intestine

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32) Amylases, the enzymes used to digest carbohydrates, are secreted mainly by
a) salivary glands into the mouth
b) gastric glands into the stomach
c) the pancreas into the intestine
d) A and B
e) A and C

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33) Functions of the large intestine include
a) chemical digestion of chyme
b) temporary food storage
c) resorption of water and compaction of feces
d) absorption of the products of digestion
e) all of the above

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34) Most products of fat digestion are absorbed
a) by capillaries
b) by veins
c) by lymphatic vessels
d) by the arterioles
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35) Smooth muscle of most of the intestinal tract
a) is single unit smooth muscle
b) has pacemakers and exhibits spontaneous depolarization
c) can exhibit tonic contractions as well as peristaltic and segmental contractions
d) all of these
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36). In the digestive system, HCI is released by the _________ , whereas HCO3 is secreted primarily from – the ________.
a) parietal cells of the stomach/pancreas
b) pancreas/parietal cells of the stomach
c) parietal cells of the stomach/liver
d) liver/parietal cells of the stomach

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37) Decreased levels of bile salts in the bile would interfere with
a) protein digestion
b) fat digestion
c) digestion of disaccharides
d) digestion of complex carbohydrates
e) digestion of vitamins
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38) A molecule that blocks the activity of myosin light chain kinase would
a) increase the contractility of smooth muscle in the intestine
b) stimulate mass movements of the large intestine
c) interfere with smooth muscle contraction
d) rapidly deplete intracellular stores of ATP
e) increase membrane permeability to calcium ions
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Renal Physiology

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39) Which one of the following factors best explains an increase in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
a) Increased arterial plasma oncotic pressure
b) Increased hydrostatic pressure in Bowman<s capsule
c) Increased glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure
d) Decreased net filtration pressure
e) Vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole

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40) Measurements taken after an intravenous injection of inulin indicate that the substance appears to be
distributed throughout 30% to 35% of the total body water (TBW). This finding suggests that inulin
most likely is
a) excluded from the cells
b) distributed uniformly throughout the total body water volume
c) restricted to the plasma volume
d) neither excreted nor metabolized by the body
e) not freely diffusible through capillary membranes

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41) The reabsorption of glucose from the renal tubular lumen into the cells
a) depends on the presence of Na+ in the filtrate
b) occurs against an electrical gradient
c) is a primary active transport process
d) is inhibited by the simultaneous transport of para-aminohippuric acid (PAH)
e) occurs mainly in the distal tubule

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42) The following renal function data were obtained for substance X:
Urine flow rate = 90 ml/hr
Urine concentration of substance X (UX) = 480 mg/ml
Plasma concentration of substance X (PX) = 6 mg/ml
What is the clearance of substance X? (Watch your units of measurement.)
a) 12 ml/min
b) 100 ml/min
c) 120 ml/min
d) 240 ml/min
e) 480 ml/min
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43) Which one of the following statements regarding Na+ transport is correct?
a) Active transport of Na+ across all cells consumes 75% of the energy derived from cellular
metabolism.
b) The Na+ concentration is highest in the intracellular fluid (ICF).
c) Na+ reabsorption across proximal tubular cells is mainly active and transcellular.
d) The Na+ concentration gradient provides energy for the cotransport of H+ across the basal
membrane.
e) The transport of Na+ across the apical membrane of the nephron is an active transport process.

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Scenarios – Cardiovascular/Respiratory

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Scenario A: Bill is a marathoner and is half way through the New York marathon. His legs (and some
other muscles) are burning huge amounts of ATP (total metabolic rate has increased to around 7
times basal). His cardiac output has risen to five times the basal rate. His respiratory rate has
increased from 10 breath/min at rest to about 20 breath/min. His tidal volume has risen from 700
ml at rest to about 1525 ml. He weighs about 70 kg (~150 lb). If no other control actions or
reflexes occur, what will be the effect on _______ (compared to rest values)

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68) PO2 at the alveoli:
a) increased by 30 mmHg, b) largely unchanged, c) decreased by 30 mmHg
69) PO2 at the left atrium:
a) increased by 30 mmHg, b) largely unchanged, c) decreased by 30 mmHg
70) PO2 at the right ventricle (mixed venous PO2):
a) increased by 10 mmHg, b) largely unchanged, c) decreased by 10 mmHg
71) Oxygen delivery to the systemic tissues
a) decreased by 20%
b) largely unchanged
c) increased by 20%
d) increased proportionally to increase in cardiac output
e) increased proportionally to increase in metabolism

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Scenario B: Fred is having an asthma attack. Airway resistances in airway generations 4-12 has
approximately tripled from his baseline state. If nothing else changed (respiratory effort,
respiratory rate, atmospheric gas concentrations) what would be the effect on _______ (compared
to just before the asthma attack)

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72) Tidal volume
a) decreased significantly, b) largely unchanged, c) increased significantly
73) Alveolar ventilation
a) decreased more severely than tidal volume,
b) decreased to the same extent as tidal volume,
c) decreased less severely than tidal volume
d) largely unchanged
e) increased significantly

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74) PO2 at the alveoli in the apex of the lung:
a) increased by 10 mmHg, b) largely unchanged, c) decreased by 10 mmHg
75) PO2 at the alveoli in the base of the lung:
a) increased by 10 mmHg, b) largely unchanged, c) decreased by 10 mmHg
Scenario C: if respiratory effort (measured by the minimum pleural pressure (difference from
atmospheric pressure)) doubled, what would be the effect on _______ (compared to just
before the increase in effort)

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76) Tidal volume
a) decreased significantly, b) largely unchanged, c) increased significantly
77) Alveolar ventilation
a) decreased significantly
b) largely unchanged
c) increased more than tidal volume,
d) increased to the same extent as tidal volume,
e) increased less strongly than tidal volume

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78) PO2 at the alveoli in the apex of the lung:
a) increased by 10 mmHg, b) largely unchanged, c) decreased by 10 mmHg

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79) PO2 at the alveoli in the base of the lung:
a) increased by 10 mmHg, b) largely unchanged, c) decreased by 10 mmHg
Scenario F: Alice is suffering from a hemolytic anemia (i.e., red blood cells are being removed from the
circulation by the spleen, liver and other organs). Her blood concentration of hemoglobin is
roughly 2/3 of that in most normal folks. If nothing else changes (ventilation, cardiac output,
metabolic rate), what will be the effect of the anemia on ______ (compared to before the anemia)

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80) PO2 at the alveoli:
a) increased by 10 mmHg, b) largely unchanged, c) decreased by 10 mmHg
81) [O2] at the left atrium:
a) increased by 20 %, b) largely unchanged, c) decreased by 5-10%, d) decreased by 30-50%
82) PO2 at the right ventricle (mixed venous PO2):
a) increased by 10 mmHg, b) largely unchanged, c) decreased by 10 mmHg
83) Oxygen delivery to the systemic tissues
a) decreased by 2/3
b) decreased by 10-20%
c) largely unchanged
d) increased by 20%
e) increased by 2/3

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Scenario G: If Alice<s tidal volume increases by 50%, but respiratory rate and cardiac output are
not changed, what effect will that have on _______ (compared to just before the increase
in tidal volume)

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84) PO2 at the alveoli:
a) increased by 10 mmHg, b) largely unchanged, c) decreased by 10 mmHg
85) [O2] at the left atrium:
a) increased by 20 %, b) largely unchanged, c) decreased by 5-10%, d) decreased by 30-50%
86) PO2 at the right ventricle (mixed venous PO2):
a) increased by 10 mmHg, b) largely unchanged, c) decreased by 10 mmHg
87) Oxygen delivery to the systemic tissues
a) decreased by 2/3
b) decreased by 10-20%
c) largely unchanged
d) increased by 20-40%
e) increased by 100%

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Scenario H: If, instead, Alice<s cardiac output and tidal volume both increase by 50% (but
respiratory rate remains unaltered, what effect would that have on _______ (compared to
just before the increase in cardiac output and tidal volume)

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88) PO2 at the alveoli: a) increased by 10 mmHg, b) largely unchanged, c) decreased by 10 mmHg
89) [O2] at the left atrium: a) increased by 20 %, b) largely unchanged, c) decreased by 5-10%, d) decreased by 30-50%
90) PO2 at the right ventricle (mixed venous PO2):
a) increased by 10 mmHg, b) largely unchanged, c) decreased by 10 mmHg
91) Oxygen delivery to the systemic tissues
a) decreased by 2/3
b) decreased by 10-20%
c) largely unchanged
d) increased by 20-40%
e) increased by 100%

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92) Alveolar ventilation is equal to the
a) dead space ventilation
b) tidal volume times respiratory rate
c) minute ventilation
d) minute ventilation minus dead space ventilation
e) CO2 production/min

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93) Consider the two patients below on which respiratory measurements were made

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Which of the following statements about these two patients is true?
a) The alveolar ventilation is greater in patient B than in patient A
b) The alveolar ventilation is greater in patient A than in patient B
c) The alveolar ventilation in both patients is equal
d) The dead space ventilation in both patients is equal

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94) Maximal inspiratory gas flow occurs when the
a) lung volume approaches total lung capacity (TLC)
b) lung volume approaches residual volume (RV)
c) alveolar pressure is most negative
d) interpleural pressure is approximately -5 cm H2O
e) abdominal muscles are maximally contracted

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95) During inspiration, as the diaphragm contracts, the pressure in the interpleural space becomes
a) equal to zero
b) more positive
c) more negative
d) equal to the pressure in the alveoli
e) equal to the pressure in the atmosphere

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96) The major area of airway resistance during breathing is located in the
a) oropharynx
b) trachea
c) intermediate-sized bronchi (generations 4-8)
d) bronchioles < 2 mm in diameter
e) alveoli

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97) Increasing the tidal volume while keeping everything else constant increases the
a) dead space ventilation
b) functional residual capacity (FRC)
c) inspiratory capacity
d) alveolar ventilation
e) alveolar CO2 tension

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98) Airway resistance can be reduced by
a) increasing parasympathetic impulses to the lungs
b) administering a β-adrenergic blocking drug (blocks nor-epinephrine effects on heart, lung)
c) decreasing the radial traction exerted by lung tissue
d) performing a maximal forced expiration
e) increasing lung volume

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99) During the effort-independent portion of a forced vital capacity (FVC) maneuver, the expiratory flow
rate
a) varies as a function of the interpleural pressure
b) is limited by compression of the airways
c) depends on the alveolar pressure

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d) is maximal for that individual
e) is constant

100) A lack of normal surfactant, as occurs in infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), results in
a) increased lung compliance
b) stabilization of alveolar volume
c) increased retractive (collapsing) force of the lungs
d) reduced alveolar-arterial PO2 difference
e) decreased filtration forces in the pulmonary capillaries

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101) A 45-year-old man is studied and found to have a respiratory rate of 15 breaths/min, a tidal volume of
0.5 L, and a dead space of 200 ml. The patient is asked to increase his respiratory rate to 30
breaths/min, and his tidal volume is measured at 350 ml. Assuming no change in dead space, which
of the following is true regarding alveolar CO2 tension?
a) The alveolar CO2 tension will increase because of the decreased ventilation
b) The alveolar CO2 tension will decrease because of the increased ventilation
c) The alveolar CO2 tension will not change because it is not affected by respiration
d) The alveolar CO2 tension will not change because alveolar ventilation remains constant
e) The arterial blood pH will decrease because of the increased ventilation

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102) The vital capacity (VC) is the sum of the
a) residual volume (RV), tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
b) RV, tidal volume, and inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
c) RV, ERV, and IRV
d) ERV, IRV, and tidal volume
e) functional residual capacity (FRC) and inspiratory capacity

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103) Which molecule(s) is/are improperly matched with it’s function?
a) DNase: catabolize
b) sodium bicarbonate: degrade protein
c) trypsin: catabolize nucleic acids
d) ALL of the above
e) NONE of the above

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104) Lacteals
a) are small veins
b) are small arteries
c) are lymphatics
d) are nerves
e) contain milk
fats first enter lymph system
105) Peristalsis:
a) is a wavelike coordinated movement of muscle in the walls of the intestine
b) is an enzyme secreted by the pancreas and also salivary glands
c) is a toxin that is handled by hepatocytes nd duodenal cells
d) NONE of the above