07 May ARE YOU SIMPLY TWEAKING EXISTING POLICY OR MAKING A COMPLETE AND CLEAN BREAK FROM EXISTING POLICY?
How should current policy be changed, adapted, reformed, or replaced to deal with your threat issue?
What areas of current policy are more in need of dramatic reform?
How would your alternative policy prescriptions help solve or improve the flaws/problems in current policy?
How well do you base your policy suggestions/advice within a realistic and achievable goal framework?
Are you simply tweaking existing policy or making a complete and clean break from existing policy?
What are the consequences to your policy advice? Are there obstacles or opponents that need to be dealt with if these suggestions had real impact in the policy community?
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below is a copy of the past four areas of the paper, Policy Generation is the final piece of the paper that you will use bring together close points.
Be SURE to tie more explicitly all of this literature discussion and overview INTO your main thesis, ie, show the reader how and where YOUR argument will fall – with whom do you agree? with whom do you disagree? what are you adding to? what are you tearing down? You show you know what the literature is BUT also show clearly where you fall within it and why!
Part (1)
Drone usage and its effects in US Counter-Terrorism (Threat Assessment)
The US has become a safer place to live in through the constant use of drones to curb the issue of war and terrorism. The use of drones in this country has protected its citizens through the enabling of ?targeted killings? of terrorists with minimal downsides or collateral impacts. According to interviews conducted with victims, witnesses and experts, US has undergone a series of counterproductive effects of current US drone strike policies. Pakistanis living in the regions that were directly affected by the strikes as well as medical workers were also affected by these policies,which have also caused a number of negative effects on the civilians.
According to The Bureau of Investigative Journalism (TBIJ) reports, from June to September, the available data indicates that drone strikes killed nearly 2500-3300 people in Pakistan of whom about 800 were civilians.A number of people who happened to be our witnesses and whomanaged to survive theattacks confirmed that, there were three detailed accounts of strikes for which there was recorded evidence of civilian injuries and deaths. These included a strike that took place in March 2011 on a tribal elders meeting that happened to kill approximately 40 individuals.
The spreading use of drones in attacks can be attributed to their effectiveness in killing terrorists who operate in inaccessible regions without causing casualties among the civilians. Drones are also said to cause limited collateral damage. According to the former CIA director, Michael Hayden, drones have made regions such as Pakistan?s Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA), ?neither safe nor a haven? for the Al-Qaeda group and its affiliated networks. The former president advocated the use of drones because drone strikes had wiped out all the members of the Al-Qaeda group(Berner, 2004).
Drone strike policies have also been recorded to cause considerable and un-accounted for harm beyond death and physical injury to the ordinary lives of civilians in the US. Drones are said to hover 24 hours a day over communities based in the northwestern region of Pakistan whereby they strike homes, vehicles and public places without warning. Their presence causes a lot of anxiety and psychological trauma among individuals and communities. These people live in constant worries that a strike maybe fired at any moment, and this causes desperation as they have not the least power to protect themselves or prevent the strikes.
These strikes have resultantly led to change in behavior, whereby people are become resistant to help or protect others from the attack. This isbecause large numbers of rescuers have met their death in these attacks. Some members of the community also tend to shy away from gatherings, which in some cases include significant tribal dispute resolution bodies due to the fear that they may attract the drone operators. Most of the children also do not attend school because of fear from their parents that their children may end up getting killed. The strikes have also interrupted cultural and religious practices such as funerals and other important ceremonies.
These killings can be attributed to lack of the US government to ensure basic accountability and transparency in its targeted killing policies, providing necessary details about the killing program and adequately setting out the legal factors involved in making decisions to strike. This isnecessary for egalitarian debate about a major aspect of US overseas and national security policy.The US may also be said to facilitate recourse to the lethal force around the world through the establishment of dangerous precedents for other governments. The risks associated with drone strikes constantly increase as the drone manufacturers and officials successfully reduce the export control barriers, and as more countries manage to develop lethal drone technologies.
An example of a drone attack is the bombing of the Times Square that marked the arrival of blowbacks from president?s Barrack Obama?s embrace on the drones-first counterterrorism policy on America.There has been a reported negligence on respect for the rule of law to America?s counterterrorism policies whereby the current president has been reported to issue the use of drone strikes, sophisticated surveillance and special operations to fight a brutal covert war against Al-Qaeda.
Drones in the US are mainly used to wage war against terrorists in states such as; Afghanistan and Somalia.However, these operations are unknown by most people in the US,anddestruction caused by this remain to be a top secret.On the other hand,drones are said to be highly effective in fighting terrorists but corrode the stability and legitimacy of local governments whereby they create new recruits for the Islamist networks and with an aim of overthrowing the governments.
Drone strikes also serve as powerful signals of the helpless state of governments and subservience to the United States. This undermines the summoned claimsthat these governments have the credibility of beingeffective competitors for the loyalties of the population.In this regard, the establishment of partnerships depends on the availability of capable and legitimate governments that can cooperate with the United States effectively. In this regard thereby,
America seems to operate on a cross-purpose counterterrorismpolicy where it provides a steady flow of financial resources and arms to the government whose legitimacy has been undermined through conduction of unilateral drone strikes on their territory. The embracement of drones in the US has rampant effects as it encourages a race of new arms for drones which will empower the current,as well as future rivals. It will also lay the foundation for an international system that is increasingly violent, polarized and destabilized between the nations using drones in their attacks and the victims upon whom these drones are being used(Cooper, J., Skelton, I., Hunter, D., Conaton, E., Lewis, M., Hawley, T., et al. 2008).
The use of drones also has a lot of effects and pressure on terrorist organizations, to an extent that it degrades the capacity of the organizations and their ability to strike.China has also adopted the use of drones in warfare with an example of an incidencewhereby the country?s security forces were under pressure to capture a river drug lord, named Mekong.
The country?s aerospace firms have developed dozens of drones that are also known as unmanned aerial vehicles. This is in response to the use of the same in the US which is an indication of improved technology and the need to enhance protection in the country. The country?s move into deployment of UAVs is an indication of its growing sophistication, whereby it has been reported that it could pose a challenge to the US military dominance in the Asia Pacific(Werenskjold, 2002).
Many countries have suffered due to the use of drones in the Americasince most of them arevictims of war between countries whereby the country involved in war with the US does not have the drones. In this case, citizens in the country which do not use drones end up suffering because of lack of adequate protection from the government forces. The activities in the countries involved are also disrupted as most people suffer from trauma and worry that strikes may arise at any time.
In this effect, it is of paramount importance that the US government conductsa fundamental re-evaluation of current targeted killing practices while taking into account all the evidence that is available, concerns of various stakeholders and the short, as well as long term costs and benefits. The policy makers and American public should not continue to ignore the evidence brought forward about the counter-productive impacts of the targeted killings andcivilianharm, but instead should take measures to control and eradicate the situation.The US should also fulfill its international obligations in respect to transparency and accountability and also ensure a proper democratic debate about the key policies. It should also release the US Department of Justice memoranda,which outlines the legal basis for the US targeted killings in Pakistan. Independent investigations should also be conducted in consistence with the call made by a UN special Rapporteur on the protection and endorsement of human rights (Masson, 2006).
According to the international humanitarian and human rights law obligations, the US should avoid all instances of double-striking targets with the arrival of first responders. Data and information released to the public by the media should also be counterchecked by the government to ensure that the information is correct and not ambiguous.The media should also cease from relying on anonymous government sources or using false records or government reports. Instead,they should embark on developing a true and reliable source of true information relating to the activities conducted by the government(Miller, 1998).
Conclusion
Use of drones has been of paramount help to America?s forces in fighting terrorists and capturing ?bad guys? ion the country. This has enhanced adequate protection in the country and has also enhanced proper running of activities within the country. However, this has had a number of effects on the country and its environs as most of the activities in the victim country are disrupted, such as failure to attend school by some children in fear of harm by the strikes. Most people in these countries also live with worry and trauma that a strike may occur at any time and take away the lives of many people(Sanger, 2012).
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