Athabasca BIO 235 – Assignment 2

11 Jun Athabasca BIO 235 – Assignment 2

Question
answer questions 3, 6 and 7 from the attached file.

Assignment 2

Weight: 5%
Minimum Pass Grade: 50%

Each question is worth 10 marks.

1. Name the type of joint, and list the movements permitted at the shoulder joint. Under each movement’s name, list the names of the muscles responsible for each of these movements along with descriptions of their bone insertion.

2. What are EPSPs and IPSPs, and how are they produced?Explain how these electrical currents are used in spatial and temporal summation to initiate or inhibit the generation of an action potential.

3. Match the items in column A with the descriptions in column B to create the BEST MATCHES.

Items in column A can be used only once when making matches to column B. There is only one correct answer for each blank space.

Column A

Column B

1. pia mater

2. denticulate ligaments

3. epidural space

4. dura mater

5. arachnoid mater

6. tract

7. nucleus

8. horn

9. nerve

10. ganglion

11. endoneurium

12. meningeal branch

13. ventral ramus

14. rami communicantes

15. dorsal ramus

16. tendon reflex

17. cranial reflex

18. spinal reflex

19. autonomic reflex

20. contralateral reflex

21. polysynaptic reflex

22. crossed extensor reflex

23. ipsilateral reflex

24. monosynaptic reflex

25. patellar reflex

26. Achilles reflex

27. Babinski sign

28. spinothalamic tract

29. vestibulospinal tract

30. corticospinal tract

31. posterior columns

branch of spinal nerve serving vertebrae; vertebral ligaments and blood vessels of the spinal cord

a group of axons with common functions within the spinal cord (or brain)

responsible for transmitting nerve impulses for sensing crude touch

a group of cell bodies found outside the spinal cord (or brain)

branch of spinal nerve serving anterior trunk and extremities

composed of collagen and fine elastic fibers; highly vascular

connective tissue coverings of axons within spinal nerves

coordinate movements with visual stimuli

extension of the leg at the knee joint in response to tappingthe patellar ligament

extensions of pia mater; suspend spinal cord within vertebral canal

plantar flexion of the foot in response to tapping the calcaneal tendon

responsible for transmitting nerve impulses for proprioception

region of gray matter in the spinal cord

reflex allowing you to maintain balance when you withdraw lower limb from a painful stimulus

reflex arc with more than one synapse in the CNS

reflex causing muscle relaxation so that tendons will not be torn

reflex in which sensory impulses enter one side of the spinal cord and motor impulses exit on the opposite side

general term used for a reflex with the integration center in the brain stem

space just superficial to dura mater; some anesthetics are injected into this area

general term used for a reflex with integration center in the gray matter of spinal cord

4. Describe how the central nervous system is protected from injury. List the components of a spinal reflex arc. Describe the function of each component.

5. Outline the differences between a special sensory, motor and mixed cranial nerve, and briefly describe the functions of each sensory component of the cranial nerve.

6. Complete the following sentences by filling in the blanks with the correct terms or phrases.

a. The nervous system regulates involuntary actions such as muscle contraction.

b. Increased by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system generally heart rate.

c. The first motor neuron in any autonomic motor is called a neuron.

d. The division of the autonomic nervous system is also called the craniosacral division because the cell bodies of its neurons are located in the brain stem and region of the spinal cord.

e. Parasympathetic fibers arise from the cranial and areas of the CNS.

f. Most sympathetic postganglionic fibers secrete the neurotransmitter , whereas parasympathetic postganglionic fibers secrete the neurotransmitter .

g. In syndrome, the cause for lack of sympathetic to one side of the face is located in the superior cervical ganglion.

h. The parasympathetic outflow comprises preganglionic axons that extend from the in cranial nerves III, VII, IX or X.

i. neurons release acetylcholine; they are found in the and autonomic nervous systems.

j. Nicotinic receptors bind , which always has a(n) effect at these receptors.

k. Excitation of receptors results in increased cardiac output, elevated blood pressure and breakdown of fatty acids.

l. The balance between and activity is called autonomic tone.

m. The controls the balance between sympathetic and activity.

n. Activation of the division causes a set of responses designed to protect the body from a real or perceived threat. Collectively, these responses are called the response.

o. Parasympathetic activation allows the body to process ingested food and conserve . The parasympathetic response is sometimes called the response.

p. EEG records waves in awake infants, and waves appear during stress in children.

q. The distal of an autonomic sensory neuron is a .

r. The posterior and parts of the hypothalamus control the division of the autonomic nervous system.

s. The anterior and medial parts of the control the division of the autonomic nervous system.

t. The sympathetic consist of one row on each side of the vertebral column for the sites of synapses between sympathetic preganglionic and postganglionic neurons; paravertebral innervate organs below the diaphragm.

7. Match the items in column A with the descriptions in column B.

Items in column A can be used only once when making matches to column B. There is only one correct answer for each blank space.

Column A

Column B

1. adenosine

2. anterolateralpathway

3. caffeine

4. chemoreceptor

5. consciousness

6. visceral senses

7. thermoreceptor

8. encapsulated nerve endings

9. exteroceptors

10. free nerve endings

11. general senses

12. immediate memory

13. interoceptors

14. joint kinesthetic receptors

15. kinesthesia

16. lemniscus (medial) pathway

17. learning

18. long-term memory

19. mechanoreceptor

20. medial lemniscus

21. memory consolidation

22. muscle spindles

23. nociceptor

24. NREM sleep

25. photoreceptor

26. posterior column

27. proprioception

28. proprioceptors

29. REM sleep

30. alpha motor neurons

31. sensory modality

32. short-term memory

33. somatic senses

34. special senses

35. tendon organs

formed by 1st order neurons carrying impulses for touch, pressure, conscious proprioception, and vibration

conduct impulses for conscious proprioception from the limbs, trunkascend to the cerebral cortex

conducts impulses for pain and temperature from neck, and posterior head ascend to the cerebral cortex

detect tension on tendons; prevent tendon and muscle damage

measure muscle length; prevent excessive stretching of muscle fibers

receptors found in articular capsule; help limit strain on a joint

receptor found in retina; detects light

receptor that monitors the stretching of internal organs

receptor found in the hypothalamus; detects chemicals in the nose

reinforcement of a memory due to frequent recall of information

allows you to remember how to ride a bike even though you haven’t done so in years

type of memory students who cram for five minutes before an exam depend upon

receptorslocated at body surface; detect changes in external environment

receptors located in viscera, detect changes in internal environment

dendrite enclosed by connective tissue covering; found in lamellated corpuscles

4 stages; controlled by hypothalamus, medulla oblongata and basal forebrain;

increased levels may be stimulus to sleep

state of wakefulness resulting from activation of cerebral cortex by RAS

include somatic and visceral senses

include vision, hearing, balance, taste and smell

8. Define and describe the relationship between sensation and perception. Explain the relationship between smell and taste, and describe how they are sensed and perceived.

9. Describe the major events involved in image formation on the retina, and list in the correct order the components of the eye that light passes through on its way to the retina. Describe the specific consequences of any abnormality or malfunctioning of each of these components.

10. List the names of the hypothalamic hormones that regulate the secretion of pituitary hormones. Describe how these hypothalamic hormones are delivered to the pituitary gland and describe the effects of these hypothalamic hormones. In addition, describe how the activities of the posterior pituitary gland are regulated by the hypothalamus.