BIO 160 – Endocrine System Know functions of endocrine system

11 Jun BIO 160 – Endocrine System Know functions of endocrine system

uestion
Chapter 17: Endocrine System

• Know functions of endocrine system.

• How does endocrine communication vary from direct, paracrine, and synaptic communication?

• Be able to identify the following structures and the hormones they produce/secrete:

o Hypothalamus

o Pituitary gland

? Anterior lobe (Adenohypophysis)

? Posterior lobe (Neurohypophysis)

o Adrenal glands

? medulla

? cortex

o Pancreas

o Gonads

• What are target cells?

• How can hormones be classified?

• How do non-lipid soluble hormones (catecholamines and peptide hormones) exert effect on target cells? What signaling mechanism is most common?

• How does this action compare to those hormones that are lipid soluble?

• Give an example of how negative feedback is used to regulate hormone release.

• Be familiar with processes surrounding rising and falling blood glucose levels.

• What are the secondary endocrine functions of the following organs/tissue:

o Intestines

o Kidneys

o Heart

o Thymus

o Gonads

o Adipose tissue

• How does aging impact the endocrine system?

Chapters 10& 11: Muscles

• What are the three types of muscle tissue and what are the differentiating characteristics of each? Where in the body are the muscle types found?

• What are functions of skeletal muscles?

• Know the levels of organization of skeletal muscle, including the connective tissue coverings at the various levels.

• What are tendons and aponeuroses? What do they do?

• Know the functions/locations of the following structures of a muscle cell:

o Sarcolemma

o Sarcoplasm

o Sarcoplasmic reticulum

o T-tubules

o Terminal cisternae

? Triad

o Myofilaments

? Thin filaments

• Tropomyosin

• Troponin

? Thick filaments

• Tail

• Head

o Sarcomere

• What is the sliding filament model of contraction? How does it work?

• Know the chain of events that occur to initiate muscle contractions, starting at the axon(Flix #1 Events at the neuromuscular junction).

• What is acetylcholine? Acetylcholinesterase?

• What is excitation – contraction coupling? What happens during the process (Flix #2 – Excitation-Contraction coupling)

• What part does calcium play in contraction?

• What happens in the cross bridge cycle? Know the steps involved (Flix #3 – the cross bridge cycle)

• What factors determine contraction duration? Relaxation?

• What is a motor unit and how does the size of the motor unit influence the control of the movement produced?

• Contrast isometric and isotonic muscle contractions.

• What enables a muscle to relax?

• Describe mechanisms by which ATP is produced—aerobic and anaerobic.

• How much of the energy in glucose is converted to ATP? What happens to the energy that is not converted to ATP?

• What is muscle fatigue and what conditions result from muscle fatigue?

• What is hypertrophy? Atrophy?

• What are characteristics of the three types of muscle fibers (fast/slow; oxidative/glycolytic)? What type of actions do each of the fiber types produce?

• How are smooth muscles different from skeletal muscles? Know the major characteristics.

• What are the four functional types of muscles? What do they do?

• How are skeletal muscles named?

• Differentiate between parallel, convergent, pennate, and circular muscles.

• Know the location of muscles listed on the “muscles to know” handout

Chapters 25-26: Urinary System, Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance

• What are the functions of the urinary system?

• What are the organs associated with the urinary system and what is each of their functions?

• What is urine?

• Be able to identify the kidney renal cortex, renal medulla, renal pyramid, fibrous

• capsule, renal pelvis, major calyx, ureters.

• How much of the cardiac output flows through the kidneys?

• What is a nephron?

• Know structures and functions (ie, what happens where) of nephron and collecting system components (Glomerulus, PCT, loop of Henle, DCT, collecting duct)

• Describe the following processes as they pertain to the urinary system: filtration,reabsorption, and secretion.

o What materials are reabsorbed? Secreted?

• Describe the filtration membrane located in the renal corpuscle.

• How do ADH and aldosterone affect the final concentration of urine? What will result from anabsence of ADH? The presence of ADH?

• What is ANP and what effect does it have on the urinary system?

• What is the normal composition of urine? (pH, volume, color, specific gravity, etc)

• Know variations between male and female urinary structures.

• What are ECFs and ICFs? Understand relative percentages of each compartment andvariations between males and females.

• Compare cation and anion concentrations between the ECF and ICF.

• Be able to differentiate between high/low electrolyte conditions.

• What is edema and what causes it?

• How are daily water losses balanced by water gains?

• What is normal ECF pH? Alkalemia? Acidemia?

• How do buffer systems maintain the acid-base balance?

• Which buffer systems occur in the ICF? The ECF?

• How do protein buffers work?

• What is the role of the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system?

• Describe the role of the phosphate buffer system.

• What are respiratory compensatory mechanisms? Renal compensatory mechanisms?

• What is respiratory acidosis? Respiratory alkalosis? Metabolic acidosis? Metabolic alkalosis?