Bio 246 -Identify and describe the major gross and microscopic

11 Jun Bio 246 -Identify and describe the major gross and microscopic

Question
Study Sheet Chapter 23 – Bio 246

Upon Completion of this chapter you should:

• Be able to identify and describe the major gross and microscopic anatomical components of the respiratory system and describe their functional roles in breathing/ventilation, and the processes of external and internal respiration.

• Be able to list and describe the general functions of the respiratory system

• Be able to list and describe the mechanisms for pulmonary ventilation

• Be able to list, describe and calculate the pulmonary air volumes and capacities

• Be able to explain the mechanisms of gas exchange in lungs and tissues

• Be able to list and explain the mechanisms of gas transport in the blood

• Be able to explain the control mechanisms for pulmonary ventilation

Define: Internal Respiration and External Respiration.

Include where each occurs and the directions of gas movement in each case.

Describe the location and basic structure of the nose.

What are the major nasal functions? How does the nasal mucosa help with the functions?

Define the terms: internal nares, external nares, nasal septum, conchae and vestibule

Where is the pharynx located?

List and describe the 3 sub-regions of the pharynx including any major structures.

Which 2 sub-regions are shared with the digestive system and which one is not? WHY don’t we want food/drink in that sub-region?

Where is the larynx and why is it made of cartilage plates?

What is the opening into the larynx called? What elastic cartilage flap covers this opening and why is it important?

What structures are housed inside the larynx and what is their function? How do we use these structures to change pitch? How do we adjust volume?

Where is the trachea located and what structures does it connect?

Describe the structural make up of the trachea and explain why it has hyaline cartilage bands.

What is the primary function of the cilia located in the trachea, bronchi and larynx?

Briefly describe and distinguish between the primary bronchi, secondary bronchi & tertiary bronchi.

What are some of the changes seen in the walls and lining of the bronchial “tree” as we move from one end to another? Think about structure and function both.

Describe the location of the lungs, the lobes that each has, and how they fit in with the other structures in the thoracic cavity.

Name and describe the serous membranes of the lungs. Include both layers and their function(s).

What are the Alveoli and where are they located?

Describe the Alveolar walls and explain why their wall structure is so important to their function.

What happens between the alveoli and the pulmonary capillaries?

List the 3 different types of cells found in alveoli and give the functions for each cell type.

Where is the hilum for each lung? What structures are attached to the hilum region of the lung?

What is surfactant and what does it do?

Chapter 23 page 2

What is another name for pulmonary ventilation?

Describe inhaling/inspiration. Is it active or passive? What is happening to pressure inside the chest cavity during inspiration? What muscles are used to expand the chest for inspiration?

Describe exhaling/expiration. When is it passive? When is it active? What muscles are used in active exhalation?

What is airway resistance and what are some factors that influence airway resistance?

Define the gas laws (Boyles, Dalton’s, Henry’s) & explain how each fits into the respiratory system.

What are pCO2 and pO2 and why is each of these important? How does the partial pressure of a gas influence the amount of that gas in solution?

What is solubility coefficient (SC)?How this influence the methods for transporting gas in the blood?

Compare and contrast the events of external (pulmonary) and internal (tissue) respiration.

Which gases are entering/leaving the blood in each case? Why are pressure gradients so important to these processes?

What roles does each of the following factors play in the speed and ability to exchange gases?

Partial pressure differences

Surface area

Diffusion distances

Solubility and size of gas

Describe Oxygen transport: How much O2 is in plasma and how much is in erythrocytes?

Why is most O2 carried by erythrocytes?

What factors besides pO2 influence transport of Oxygen?

Compare fetal hemoglobin binding O2 to maternal hemoglobin binding of O2. Why is this important?

What are the three major ways CO2 is transported in the blood?

What percent of CO2 is transported by each method?

What is the equation for Carbon dioxide —— Bicarbonate ions?

Why do we call this a reversible reaction?

When does this reaction run from CO2 — HCO3- and when does it run in the opposite direction?

What influences which way the reaction runs?

Fact: When CO2 levels rise in the blood so do [H+] and when CO levels fall so do [H+]

What happens to blood pH as CO2 levels rise?

What happens to blood pH levels as CO2 levels fall?

Which results in acidosis and which in alkalosis?

What is the role of the medulla oblongata in regulating breathing?

What two centers for breathing are located in the pons?

What does each of these centers do to affect breathing?

Which would be more important in taking a deep breath?

How does the cerebral cortex influence breathing?

What is the inflation reflex and what is it designed to prevent?

What chemicals monitored in the blood influence breathing rates and depths?

What roles do proprioceptors, temperature and irritation of the airways play in breathing?

Study Sheet Chapter 26 Bio 246

Human Anatomy and Physiology

Upon Completion of this chapter you should:

• Be able to identify and describe the major gross and microscopic anatomical components of the digestive system and explain their functional roles in digestion, absorption, nutrition, metabolism, and excretion

• Be able to list and describe the general functions of the digestive system

• Be able to outline and describe the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption, and excretion

• Be able to describe and explain the hormonal and neural regulation of digestive processes

• Be able to explain the digestive system’s homeostatic integration with other systems

• Be able to list and describe the major roles of liver

List and describe the overall functions of the digestive system.

Define and describe: ingestion, absorption, and defecation

What happens to food in mechanical processing?

Where does mechanical processing occur in the tract? *there are several places

What happens to food in chemical digestion?

Where does chemical digestion occur in the tract? *there are several places

What is the Digestive tract and what structures are included in the digestive tract?

Define the term accessory organs.List the accessory structures/organs for the digestive system.

Name and describe the 4 layers of the digestive tract. Include the role of each layer.

Which layers contain neural plexus structures and what does each plexus control?

Where is the peritoneal cavity?

Define: visceral peritoneum, parietal peritoneum, peritonitis, retroperitoneal

Describe the following: Mesentary tissue, lesser omentum, greater omentum, falciform ligament

Define: peristalsis, sphincter, bolus, chyme, villi, and microvilli

Describe the basic structures in the mouth and know their functions

What digestive processes take place in the mouth?

Name the enzymes added to food in the mouth, give their function and know where they activate.

Name the three sets of salivary glands and describe their locations.

What materials are found in saliva and what roles does saliva have in the digestive processes?

What stimulates and controls release of saliva?

List and describe the three phases of swallowing food. Include if they are voluntary or involuntary.

Describe the esophagus and its role in the digestive process.

Where are the skeletal muscle fibers and where are the smooth muscle fibers in the esophagus?

Where is the cardiac or lower esophageal sphincter located and what is its function?

Describe the location of the stomach.

What are the folds in the mucosa called?

What are the gastric pits? Name the 4 types of cells are located in these pits and what each produces

What is unique about the muscularis of the stomach and why is that difference functionally important?

What types of physical digestion take place in the stomach?

What types of chemical digestion take place in the stomach?

What chemicals are involved and what materials are they acting on?

Chap. 26 review page 2

Name and describe the three phases of stomach/gastric secretion and motility.

What neural regulation is involved? What hormonal regulation is involved?

Describe the location and function of the pyloric sphincter.

Why is opening/closing of this sphincter closely regulated?

Name the hormones released from the small intestine as chyme moves into the small intestine. What effect do these hormones have on the rate of gastric emptying?

Name and describe the factors that affect the rate of stomach emptying.

The Vagus nerve and gastrin have what effects on gastric emptying?

Why is absorption of material from the stomach limited?

What materials are absorbed from stomach contents?

Fact: The pancreas has both endocrine and exocrine tissue.

What are the exocrine cells of the pancreas called?

What digestive enzymes are made in the pancreas and what does each work on?

How do they get into the digestive tract and which specific portion of the digestive tract do they enter?

What is the role of the sodium bicarbonate that the pancreas secretes and why is it important?

Which nerve is involved in regulating pancreatic secretion and what does it do?

Name the two hormones that work to control pancreatic secretion and list what each controls.

Describe the basic locations and structures liver and gall bladder.

What are some of the functions of the liver?

What is the hepatic portal system and why is it important?

List the major components of bile

What is bile’s primary function in the digestive tract and where does it enter the digestive tract?

What are the 2 primary functions of the gallbladder?

What effect does removing the gallbladder have on the ability to digest foods and why?

What nerve influences the production and release of bile?

What two hormones work to control bile production and release?

What are the three regions of the Small Intestine (SI)?

Describe the mucosa in the SI. What do villi and microvilli do for surface area in the SI and why is this important for small intestine function?

What is the brush border? What are brush border enzymes and what is their role in the digestive processes of the small intestine?

What is the pH of the intestinal juice like and why is that important?

Compare and contrast segmentation and peristalsis in the SI.

Which uses circular muscle and which uses longitudinal muscle?

What nerves are important in controlling these processes and what triggers each of these actions?

For carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids:

Name the digestive enzymes involved in digesting each type of material and indicate if the enzymes come from the pancreas or are border brush enzymes.

Indicate what form the material has to be in before it can be absorbed.

Does it go into the blood stream or the lymph vessels?

Chap. 26 review page 3

How important is the SI in the process of absorption of nutrients?

What types of movement processes are involved in absorbing materials?

What role does the small intestine play in the absorption of water?

How much water is absorbed daily and what percentage of water absorption occurs in the SI?

How does absorption of fat soluble vitamins differ from absorption of water soluble vitamins?

Name and describe the sections of the large intestine – include what happens in each section

Describe the mucosa and muscularis layers of the large intestine.

Define the terms haustra and the teniae coli – include what they do.

What is mechanical digestion like in the large intestine?

What is the gastro-colic reflex?

What is haustral churning?

How does mass peristalsis differ from “regular” peristalsis?

When does mass peristalsis occur and why is this important?

What is the role of bacteria housed in the large intestine?

What materials are found in the feces?

What is defecation and what triggers this process?

Where are the anal sphincters located?

What type is each made of and how does this influence control over the process of defecation?

What happens if there is not enough water absorbed in the small and large intestines?

What are some of the consequences of this?

How about if too much water is absorbed?

Name the 3 major hormones helping to control digestion

Know where is each produced and what triggers their release

Name the organs that are targets for each of the hormones.

What does each hormone do to help in coordinating digestion?