BIO/350 Human Biology Week 7 Assignment

15 Jun BIO/350 Human Biology Week 7 Assignment

Question

GeneticInheritance

Margaret E. Vorndam, M.S.Version 42-0061-00-01

LABREPORTASSISTANT

.0/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif”>Thisdocumentisnotmeanttobeasubstitute for aformallaboratoryreport.TheLabReport Assistantissimplyasummaryoftheexperiment’squestions,diagramsifneeded,anddatatables that shouldbeaddressedinaformallabreport. Theintentistofacilitatestudents’writing oflabreportsby providing this informationin an editable filewhichcan be sentto an instructor.

DataTable 1: PunnettSquarefor F1 Cross – Expected GeneticOutcomes

F1Parent,genes: (studentto fillin the blanks)

alleles >

alleles v

F1 Parent, g enes: __________(student fill in blank)

DataTable 2:Results of F1 Cross

Observed Phenotypes of F2Progeny

# green plants =

# white plants =

Total # plants

Petri Dish 1 >

Petri Dish 2 >

Total

.0/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif”>.0/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif”>.0/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif”>

Data Table 3: Dihybrid Cross in Corn –Results of P Cross

P = purple, p =yellow

S = smooth, s = wrinkled

(student to fillin all blanks )

Generation

Expected Alleles

Expected Alleles

P >

dominant xrecessive

_ppss_

F1Progeny >

Frequency >

Data Table 3A: PunnettSquarefor F1 Dihybrid Cross

Expected Genotypic Outcomes

(student to fillin)

Parent 1 F1–can produce thesegametes: (studentto fillin)

Parent2F1 –canproduce thesegametes:

>

ShadedportionaboverepresentstheF2progeny

genotype and phenotype.Student to fillin.

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Data Table 4: Dihybrid Cross in Corn –Results of F1 Cross in F2 Progeny

Phenotype of

Progeny

(What they look like –word description)

Genetic Designations possiblefor this Phenotype

e.g., PPSS

Predicted Allelic

Frequency

(Expected Ratio)

Number of this PhenotypeTotal Counted:

100 (Observed Number)

Actual Allelic

Frequency

(Observed

Ratio)*

e.g.,Yellow, wrinkled

ppss

* Actual Allelic Frequency (Observed Ratio)

= Number of this PhenotypeTotal Counted ¸ 100kernelstotalcounted

DataTable 5: ?2Goodness of FitTest for FPhenotypicResults from FCorn Cross

2 1

Phenotype

Description

of F2Progeny from Table 4

Observed Number fromTable 4

Observed Ratio fromTable 4

Expected Ratio from Table 4

* Expected Number,calculated

** [Observed No. – Exp. No.]2

÷Expected No.

e.g.,Yellow, wrinkled

? Sum ofcolumn =

c2,Chi-squarevalue ***

>

* Expected Number,calculated

= ? Sum of Observed Number x Expected Ratiofor that phenotype

** = (Observed number – Expected number,calculated) square

÷ Expected Number,calculated

*** c2,Chi-squarevalue=?Sumof(Observednumber–Expectednumber,calculated)

squared ÷ Expected Number,calculated

DataTable 6: Summarizationofc2Good FitResults for FCorn Cross

1

c2value fromTable 5 =

Valueat 3 Degrees of Freedom that is closestto c2

value =

What is the Fit Probabilityat thetop of thecolumn in which thevaluewas found?

What is the % of probability that the observed results match theexpected results?

(MultiplyFit Probability by 100)

Readingat thetop of theTable, this Fit Probability indicates that theexpectedresults hypothesis is a

Good Fit Poor Fit

Circle thecorrect choice above

Exercise 1: F1 Hybrid Cross

A.Expectedphenotypicratioofgreentowhiteprogeny: CalculationofExpectedRatio

(Frequency) = =Total Number of (Color) Seedlings ÷Total of All Seedlings.

B. If 320 F2offspring resulted from this F1cross, how manywould be green?

White?

DISCUSSION

A.Did theresults support orrefute thehypothesis? Explain.

B. How similar are the observedto theexpectedresults from the PunnettSquare?

C. If theresults are not similar, how might the differencebeexplained?

D.WillamonohybridF1crossincornyieldthesameratioofexpectedphenotype inprogenyas for thetobacco seedlings? Why or why not?

E. Ifavailable, compareyourF2seedlingdatatothoseofyourclassmates.Aretheoutcomeratios the same? Why might using a larger number of seedlingsto determine this outcome be wise?

Exercise 2: Dihybrid GeneticCrosses

PROCEDURE

1. Basedonwhatyoucanconcludeaboutitsgeneticmakeupwhentoldthatthecornplant parentcross(P)picturedinFigure2isbetweenacompletelydominantplantandacompletelyrecessive plant,

a. Constructandrecordahypothesisaboutwhatthegeneticmakeupandthefrequencies oftheallelesfortheF1 progenyplantsinthedihybridcrossofcornwillbe.Recordyour hypothesis here:

b. IftheseF1progenyaremated,whatwillbetheresultingallelic frequencyfortheF2

progeny?Record thishypothesis here:

RESULTS

A.Whatarethetwohypotheses thatyoumadeabouttheallelicfrequenciesofprogenyproducedby the crosses:

P x P?

F1x F1?

B. Based on whatyou knowaboutphenotypesandFigure2,for the P generation, what is the corn plant genotype on each cob containing the P corn kernels? One iscompletely dominant, so itsgenotype is

One iscompletelyrecessive, so itsgenotype is .

C. WoulditmakeadifferenceintheoutcomeofthiscrossifthegenotypeofoneparentisPPss and the other is ppSS?

D.Fromthephenotype ofthekernelsoneachPgenerationcobwhatwouldthepredicted genotype of any F1plant be?

E. Giventhe2nequationpredicthowmanydifferentgeneticoutcomeswillbepossiblefroman

F1cross resultingin theF2generationin a dihybridcorn cross.

F. IfaF2corncobresulting fromthisF1crosscontained 563seeds,howmanyoftheseeds wouldyouexpectto look like the F1parent?

QUESTIONS

A.How well do the predictedresults match the actualresults inTable 4?

B. Based onthePunnettSquarepredictions,canastatementbemadeastowhetheryourhypotheses are supported orrejected? Which and why?

C. DihybridF1crossesresultinapredictableF2progenyphenotypicfrequencythatholdstrue universally. Based on the Expected outcome, what is it?

D.Ifyour results are not asexpected why might there be differences?

E. Whatapplicationsmightthistypeofgeneticinvestigationhave?Howmighttheinformation be applied medically?

Exercise 3: Chi-square and Hypothesis Testing

QUESTIONS

A.Whatcanbeconcluded aboutyourprediction ofexpectedF2progenyphenotypicoutcome from the F1cross?Was it closeto the observed outcome?

1

B. Howmightthec2testforfitnessbeusedinotherways?TryitonthetobaccoseedlingF

cross,for instance.

C. Inatypicalcrosswhereaparentwithacompletelydominanttraitismatedwithaparent exhibiting acompletelyrecessivetrait,whatistheexpectedgenotypicoutcomeandallelic frequency for the F1progeny?

Give anexample.

D.InatypicalcrosswherehybridF1parentsaremated,whatistheexpectedgenotypicoutcome and allelic frequency of the F2progeny?

Give anexample.

E. FortheF2progenyproducedfromatypicalF1hybridmating,howmanytotallyrecessive individualswould be produced if the progenytotal populationis six offspring?

What if the progeny populationwas 20?

50?

1,000?

F. Excluding factorssuchassex-linkedgenes,incompletedominance orepistasis,etc.,willthe above cross resultsvary if differentorganisms are used, such as dogs or tulips? Why or why not?

G. Howwillfactorssuchassex-linked genes,incompletedominance,orepistasis, etc.,affectthe expected outcomes that were investigatedabove?