10 Jun BIOL 10 – The vast majority of individuals with Down syndrome
Question
1. a. The vast majority of individuals with Down syndrome (Trisomy 21) result from fertilizations involving eggs with an extra chromosome 21 and normal sperm. (Where data are available, other trisomic conditions also result predominantly from eggs with extra chromosomes.) It is assumed that this is because of a nondisjunction event that occurred during meiosis in the mother. Based upon the duration of meiosis in females, suggest an explanation as to why females, particularly older women, produce aneuploidy gametes more often than do males.
b. What are the two most commonly used methods of prenatal diagnosis for chromosome abnormalities? What are the advantages of each of the methods?
2. a. What roles do mRNA, tRNA and rRNA play in protein synthesis (translation)? What roles do codons and anticodons play in protein synthesis?
b. The genetic code is often described as being both “degenerate” and “nearly universal.” What do these two descriptions actually mean?
Epigenetic changes affect gene expression. What part of the chromatin (or the chromosome) is affected by epigenetic changes? What is one example of an epigenetic change? What are some of the characteristics of epigenetic changes? How does an epigenetic change differ from a mutation?
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