13 Jun Biology 102/103 – How could you test to see if an enzyme was completely saturated
Question
Your Full Name:
Biology 102/103
Lab 4: Enzymes
INSTRUCTIONS:
On your own and without assistance, complete this Lab 4 Answer Sheet
electronically and submit it via the Assignments Folder by the date listed in the Course
Schedule (under Syllabus).
To conduct your laboratory exercises, use the Laboratory Manual located under
Course Content. Read the introduction and the directions for each exercise/experiment
carefully before completing the exercises/experiments and answering the questions.
Save your Lab 4 Answer Sheet in the following format: LastName_Lab4 (e.g.,
Smith_Lab4).
You should submit your document as a Word (.doc or .docx) or Rich Text Format
(.rtf) file for best compatibility.
Pre-Lab Questions
1. How could you test to see if an enzyme was completely saturated during an
experiment?
2. List three conditions that would alter the activity of an enzyme. Be specific with
your explanation.
3. Take a look around your house and identify household products that work by
means of an enzyme. Name the products, and indicate how you know they work
with an enzyme.
Experiment 1: Enzymes in Food
This experiment tests for the presence of amylase in food by using Iodine-Potassium
Iodide, IKI. IKI is a color indicator used to detect starch. This indicator turns dark purple
or black in color when in the presence of starch. Therefore, if the IKI solution turns to a
dark purple or black color during the experiment, one can determine that amylase is not
present (because presence of amylase would break down the starch molecules, and the
IKI would not change color).
Materials
(1) 2 oz. Bottle (Empty)
*2 Food Products (e.g., ginger root,
(1) 100 mL Graduated Cylinder
apple, potato, etc.)
30 mL Iodine-Potassium Iodide, IKI *Kitchen Knife
Permanent Marker
*Paper Towel
Ruler
*Saliva Sample
2 Spray Lids
*Tap Water
30 mL Starch (liquid)
*Cutting Board
*You Must Provide
Procedure:
1. Remove the cap from the starch solution. Attach the spray lid to the starch
solution.
2. Rinse out the empty two ounce bottle with tap water. Use the 100 mL graduated
cylinder to measure and pour 30 mL of IKI into the empty two ounce bottle.
Attach the remaining spray lid to the bottle.
3. Set up a positive control for this experiment by spraying a paper towel with the
starch solution. Allow the starch to dry for approximately one hour (this time
interval may vary by location).
4. In the mean time, set up a negative control for this experiment. Use your
knowledge of the scientific method and experimental controls to establish this
component (hint: what should happen when IKI solution contacts something that
does not contain starch?) Identify your negative control in Table 1.
Note: Be sure to space the positive and negative controls apart from each other
to prevent cross-contamination.
5. When the starch solution has dried, test your positive and negative controls. This
step establishes a baseline color scale for you to evaluate the starch
concentration of the food products you will
test in Steps 7 – 11. Record your results in
Table 1.
6. Select two food items from your kitchen
cabinet or refrigerator.
7. Obtain a kitchen knife and a cutting board.
Carefully cut your selected food items to
create a fresh surface.
8. Gently rub the fresh/exposed area of the
food items on the dry, starch-sprayed paper
towel back and forth 10 – 15 times. Label
where each specimen was rubbed on the
Figure 3: Sample set-up.
paper towel with a permanent marker
(Figure 3).
9. Wash your hands with soap and water.
10. Take your finger and place it on your tongue to transfer some saliva to your
finger. Then, rub your moistened finger saliva into the paper towel. Repeat this
step until you are able to adequately moisten the paper towel.
Note: You should always wash your hands before touching your tongue!
Alternatively, if you do not wish to put your hands in your mouth, you may also
provide a saliva sample by spitting in a separate bowl and rubbing the paper
towel in the saliva. Be sure not to spit on the paper towel directly as you may
unintentionally cross-contaminate your samples.
11. Wait five minutes.
12. Hold the IKI spray bottle 25 – 30 cm away from the paper towel, and mist with the
IKI solution.
13. The reaction will be complete after approximately 60 seconds. Observe where
color develops, and consider what these results indicate. Record your results in
Table 1.
Table 1: Substance vs. Starch Presence
Substance
Positive Control: Starch
Negative Control: Student Must
Select
Food Product:
Food Product:
Saliva:
Resulting Color
Presence of Starch?
Post-Lab Questions
1. What were your controls for this experiment? What did they demonstrate? Why was
saliva included in this experiment?
2. What is the function of amylase? What does amylase do to starch?
3. Which of the foods that you tested contained amylase? Which did not? What
experimental evidence supports your claim?
4. Saliva does not contain amylase until babies are two months old. How could this
affect an infant’s digestive requirements?
5. There is another digestive enzyme (other than salivary amylase) that is secreted by
the salivary glands. Research to determine what this enzyme is called. What
substrate does it act on? Where in the body does it become activated, and why?
6. Digestive enzymes in the gut include proteases, which digest proteins. Why don’t
these enzymes digest the stomach and small intestine, which are partially composed
of protein?
Experiment 2: Effect of Temperature on
Enzyme Activity
Yeast cells contain catalase, an enzyme which
helps convert hydrogen peroxide to water
and oxygen. This enzyme is very significant as
hydrogen peroxide can be toxic to cells if allowed
Figure 4: Catalase catalyzes the
decomposition of hydrogen peroxide
to water and oxygen.
to accumulate. The effect of catalase can be seen when yeast is combined with
hydrogen peroxide (Catalase: 2 H2O2 → 2 H2O + O2).
In this lab you will examine the effects of temperature on enzyme (catalase) activity
based on the amount of oxygen produced. Note, be sure to remain observant for
effervescence when analyzing your results.
Materials
(2) 250 mL Beakers
3 Balloons
30 mL 3% Hydrogen Peroxide,
H2O2
Measuring Spoon
Permanent Marker
Ruler
20 cm String
3 Test Tubes (Glass)
Test Tube Rack
Thermometer
Yeast Packet
*Hot Water Bath
*Stopwatch
*You Must Provide
Procedure
1. Use a permanent marker to label test tubes 1, 2, and 3. Place them in the test
tube rack.
2. Fill each tube with 10 mL hydrogen peroxide. Then, keep one of the test tubes in
the test tube rack, but transfer the two additional test tubes to two separate 250
mL beakers.
3. Find one of the balloons, and the piece of string. Wrap the string around the
uninflated balloon and measure the length of the string with the ruler. Record the
measurement in Table 2.
4. Create a hot water bath by performing the following steps:
a. Determine if you will use a stovetop or microwave to heat the water. Use
the 100 mL graduated cylinder to measure and pour approximately 200
mL of water into a small pot or microwave-safe bowl (you will have to
measure this volume in two separate allocations).
b. If using a stovetop, obtain a small pot and proceed to Step 4c. If using a
microwave, obtain a microwave-safe bowl and proceed to Step 4e.
c. If using a stove, place a small pot on the stove and turn the stove on to a
medium heat setting.
d. Carefully monitor the water in the pot until it comes to a soft boil
(approximately 100 °C). Use the thermometer provided in your lab kit to
verify the water temperature. Turn the stove off when the water begins to
boil. Immediately proceed to Step 5.
CAUTION: Be sure to turn the stove off after creating the hot water bath.
Monitor the heating water at all times, and never handle a hot pan without
appropriate pot holders.
e. If using a microwave, place the microwave-safe bowl in the microwave
and heat the water in 30 second increments until the temperature of the
water is approximately 100 °C. Use the thermometer provided in your lab
kit to verify the water temperature. Wait approximately one minute before
proceeding to Step 5.
5. Place Tube 1 in the refrigerator. Leave Tube 2 at room temperature, and place
Tube 3 in the hot water bath.
Important Note: The water should be at approximately 85 °C when you place
Tube 3 in it. Verify the temperature with the thermometer to ensure the water is
not too hot! Temperatures which exceed approximately 85 °C may denature the
hydrogen peroxide.
6. Record the temperatures of each condition in Table 2. Be sure to provide the
thermometer with sufficient time in between each environment to avoid obscuring
the temperature readings.
7. Let the tubes sit for 15 minutes.
8. During the 15 minutes prepare the balloons with yeast by adding ¼ tsp. of yeast
each balloon. Make sure all the yeast gets settled to the bulb of the balloon and
not caught in the neck. Be sure not spill yeast while handling the balloons.
9. Carefully stretch the neck of the balloon to help ensure it does not rip when
stretched over the opening of the test tube.
10. Attach the neck of a balloon you prepared in step 8 to the top of Tube 2 (the
room temperature test tube) making sure to not let the yeast spill into the test
tube yet. Once the balloon is securely attached to the test tube lift the balloon
and allow the yeast to enter the test tube. Tap the bulb of the balloon to ensure
all the yeast falls into the tube.
11. As quickly and carefully as possible remove the Tube 1 (cold) from the
refrigerator and repeat steps 9 – 10 with Tube 1 using a balloon you prepared in
step 8.
12. As quickly and carefully as possible remove Tube 3 (hot) from the hot water bath
and repeat steps 9 – 10 with Tube 3 using a balloon you prepared in step 8.
13. Swirl each tube to mix, and wait 30 seconds.
14. Wrap the string around the center of each balloon to measure the circumference.
Measure the length of string with a ruler. Record your measurements in Table 2.
Table 2: Balloon Circumference vs. Temperature
Tube
Temperature
(°C)
Balloon Circumference
(Uninflated; cm)
Balloon Circumference
(Final; cm)
1 – (Cold)
2 – (RT)
3 – (Hot)
Post-Lab Questions
1. What reaction is being catalyzed in this experiment?
2. What is the enzyme in this experiment? What is the substrate?
3. What is the independent variable in this experiment? What is the dependent
variable?
4. How does the temperature affect enzyme function? Use evidence from your data to
support your answer.
5. Draw a graph of balloon diameter vs. temperature. What is the correlation?
6. Is there a negative control in this experiment? If yes, identify the control. If no,
suggest how you could revise the experiment to include a negative control.
7. In general, how would an increase in substrate alter enzyme activity? Draw a graph
to illustrate this relationship.
8. Design an experiment to determine the optimal temperature for enzyme function,
complete with controls. Where would you find the enzymes for this experiment?
Our website has a team of professional writers who can help you write any of your homework. They will write your papers from scratch. We also have a team of editors just to make sure all papers are of HIGH QUALITY & PLAGIARISM FREE. To make an Order you only need to click Ask A Question and we will direct you to our Order Page at WriteDemy. Then fill Our Order Form with all your assignment instructions. Select your deadline and pay for your paper. You will get it few hours before your set deadline.
Fill in all the assignment paper details that are required in the order form with the standard information being the page count, deadline, academic level and type of paper. It is advisable to have this information at hand so that you can quickly fill in the necessary information needed in the form for the essay writer to be immediately assigned to your writing project. Make payment for the custom essay order to enable us to assign a suitable writer to your order. Payments are made through Paypal on a secured billing page. Finally, sit back and relax.
About Writedemy
We are a professional paper writing website. If you have searched a question and bumped into our website just know you are in the right place to get help in your coursework. We offer HIGH QUALITY & PLAGIARISM FREE Papers.
How It Works
To make an Order you only need to click on “Order Now” and we will direct you to our Order Page. Fill Our Order Form with all your assignment instructions. Select your deadline and pay for your paper. You will get it few hours before your set deadline.
Are there Discounts?
All new clients are eligible for 20% off in their first Order. Our payment method is safe and secure.