11 Jun BIOLOGY 3301 – In ring species, geographically
Question
1. In ring species, geographically close populations are genetically compatible and can mate with each other, but geographically distant populations are incompatible. In the example below each population is compatible with populations that have an assigned number whose difference is only one away. For example, in the diagram below population #2 is compatible with #3 and #1, but not #4 and #5.
a. Given what you know about population structure and speciation what would you predict about the dispersal of individuals within each population?
b. Can you think of a natural situation that might match this dispersal pattern? (hint: google “ring species” for some examples)
c. As described this represents one large species with many subpopulations, but how would that change if population #2 and #5 became extinct?
2. Imagine I find a new species of crab at the deepest part of the ocean floor. I have only 10 specimens collected over 10 years and preserved in alcohol: all of them are female. Collecting more specimens is not feasible. How might I determine whether or not the species is an asexual or a sexual species with the available material?
3. Antagonistic coevolution occurs when there are different selective mating pressures between the sexes. In some extreme cases this even results in sperm toxicity in which proteins contained in the semen are toxic and decrease the life span of the female.
a. In what type of mating system (ie., monogamous v. polygamous) and life history are you most likely to see sperm toxicity?
b. Given enough time, what type of response would you expect to see among females in species with sperm toxicity?
4. Why do the Hymenoptera (ants, bees and wasps) and so many instances of complex social and eusocial species?
How does this relate to the equation rb – c > 0?
5. Calculate the coefficients of relatedness (r) for individuals A and B, in each of the following sets of relationships
A
B
6. In a 1957 paper on the evolution of senescence, George Williams noted that some species, such as carp, continuously grow larger and increase their fertility over the course of their lifespans. Based on our discussion of senescence, what you predict about the rate and timing of senescence in these species when compared to closely related species that do not see continuous increases in fertility?
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