28 Jul CLASSICAL GENETICS – PROBABILITY LABIN THIS ACTIVITY YOU WILL:
Classical Genetics – Probability LabIn this activity you will:
? Predict
the probability of the occurrence of a single event.
? Predict
the probability of two independent events occurring at the same time.
? Apply
Mendels law to predict the occurrence of certain traits in the offspring of
parents exhibiting particular traits.
? Apply the
meaning of the term Standard Deviation to sampling techniques.
Probability Lab
Materials:
? two
pennies
? masking
tape
Procedure:
Part I: Probability of the Occurrence of a Single Event
1. Toss a
penny 20 times. Count how many times it lands head up and how many times it
lands tails up. Write the totals under the observed column for 20 tosses in
Table 1 below.
2. Using the
law of probability, decide how many times out of 20 tosses you would expect
heads to appear and how many times you would expect tails to appear. Write your
answer in the expected column for 20 tosses in Table 1 below.
3. Calculate
deviation by subtracting the expected number from the observed number. Record
these in the deviation column for 20 tosses in Table 1 below. Make all numbers
positive.
4. Repeat
Step 1, but tossing the penny 30 times. Count how many times heads and tails
appear. Record the observed numbers in the observed column for 30 tosses in
Table 1.
5. Calculate
the expected number of heads and tails and record them in the proper column in
Table 1. Then calculate the deviates, and enter these in the proper column.
6. Repeat
Step 1, tossing the penny 50 times. Keep track of the appearance of heads and
tails. Record the observed numbers, expected numbers and deviations in the
columns for 50 tosses in Table 1.
7. Calculate
the standard deviation for each of the four sections above; 20, 30, 50 and
total tosses. To calculate the standard deviation, first, subtract the expected
from the observed, as done in Table 1 and then square this value. Divide this
value by the number of events. Take the square root of this result. This is
your standard deviation. Enter your results in Table 2.
Part II: Probability of Independent Events Occurring
Simultaneously
1. Toss two
pennies 40 times simultaneously. Keep track of how many times heads-heads,
heads-tails, tails-heads, and tails-tails occur. Count tails-heads and
heads-tails together. Record the numbers for each combination in the observed
column in Table 3 below.
2. Calculate
the percent of the total that each combination (heads-heads,
heads-tails/tails-heads, or tails-tails) occurred and record it in the proper
column. To find the percent, divide each observed number by 40 and multiply by
100.
3. Using the
law of probability, predict the expected outcomes of tossing two pennies.
Record the expected numbers in the proper column in Table 3.
Part III: Probability and Mendelian Genetics
1. Place a
small piece of masking tape on each side of two pennies. On one penny write R
on each side. On the other penny write r on each side.
2. Toss the
pennies several times. What combination of genes always appears? Would the
offspring with these genes be round or wrinkled?
3. Replace
the old tape with new tape. On each penny, write R on one side and r on the
other side.
4. Toss the
coins simultaneously until all possible combinations of genes have appeared.
What combinations of genes appear? For e
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