13 Jun DeadlyMicroorganisms in lakes and ponds
Question
DeadlyMicroorganisms in lakes and ponds
Introduction
Lakes, ponds , and streams around the US once thought to be safe to swim in are now being discovered by the CDC to contain deadly microorganisms. Over the last fast 5 years there have be many lives claimed due to exposure to microorganisms while swimming in lakes ,rivers and streams. Populations who are the most at risk of death are young children and elderly patients who are immunocompromised. The CDC is working to identify organisms and raise awareness through the media exposure
Body
The most commonly found microorganism present in lakes and ponds is Naegleriafowleri. “There have been more than 150 cases of this amoeba and counting.”With more cases being reported since 2006 This amoeba cause primary amoebic meningoencephalitis and in most cause results death of the person infected with this microorganism. Inflammation of the brain and its meninges (cf. ENCEPHALITIS and MENINGITIS).“Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis is a human disease which affects mainly children and young adults and is usually fatal. It is usually caused by Naegleriafowleri. Infection occurs via the nasal mucosa and is usually associated with swimming in e.g. freshwater lakes rich in organic matter. Symptoms may include headache, fever, vomiting, disturbances to taste, smell and vision, and coma; death may occur within ca. 72 h”(whiley). Amoebae of the Acanthamoeba-Hartmannella group may cause a subacute or chronic granulomatous meningoencephalitis. Lab diagnosis of amoebae is by direct examination of CSF(Angrup). .Other lesser know microorganisms are “:Cryptosporidium, Giardia, Shigella, norovirus and E. coli O157:H7. “ These microoganisms cause a wide variety of infections, such as gastrointestinal, skin, ear, respiratory, eye, neurologic, and wound infections” Laboratory testing has detected “Cryptosporidium hominis in case-patient stool specimens and Cryptosporidium species in lake water”(cantey) Background Cryptosporidium spp., Enterocytozoon spp., Giardia spp. and Cyclospora spp. are important intestinal protozoan parasites causing diarrhea in humans, livestocks and wildlife and have a significant impact on public health
Method
In counties around the US, the Department of Health Environmental Health microbiologist are working to analyze water samples formicroorganisms foundin lakes, rivers and streams and warn communities to identify deadly organisms. “The presence of Naegleria spp. should be considered a potential public health threat; therefore, regularly maintaining normally operated water treatment facilities and implementing effective management strategies are critical for protecting public health”(kao)“In 2012Water samples were collected from three nalas connecting to Hussain Sagar lake (Banjara Hills nala, Picket nala and Kukatpallynala), Safilguda lake, Saroornagar lake and DurgamCheruvu lake and analyzed microbiologically using standard methods. The pathogenic bacteria isolated were identified to be Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella species, Salmonella species, Pseudomonas aerugionosa, Vibrio species and Shigella. The presence of pathogenic bacteria in these lakes can be attributed to discharge of untreated effluents and sewage into the lakes”(Nalini)
Resources
1. Diseases& Disease Prevention, Content copyright 2014. U.S. Aqua Vac, Inc(website)
2. USE CAUTION WHEN SWIMMING IN PONDS, STREAMS AND LAKES. The Fairfield Dept of health Environmental health divisionwww.myfhd.org(website),
3. Centers for Disease Control,Healthy Swimming(2014), http://www.cdc.gov/healthyswimming(website)
4. John Wiley & Sons (2006) Meningoencephalitis. Dictionary of microbiology & molecular biology. Retrieved from http://vlib.excelsior.edu/login?url=http://search.credoreference.com.vlib.excelsior.edu/content/entry/wileymicrob/meningoencephalitis/0
5. Kao, P., Hsu, B., Chiu, Y., Chen, N., Huang, K., & Shen, S. (2012). Identification of the Naegleria Species in Natural Watersheds Used for Drinking and Recreational Purposes in Taiwan. Journal Of Environmental Engineering, 138(8), 893-898. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000549
6.Angrup, A. A., Chandel, L. L., Sood, A. A., Thakur, K. K., &Jaryal, S. C. (2010). Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis due to Naegleriafowleri. Journal Of Institute Of Medicine, 32(2), 56-59
7.Cantey, P. T., Kurian, A. K., Jefferson, D., Moerbe, M. M., Marshall, K., Blankenship, W. R., & … Hlavsa, M. C. (2012). Outbreak of Cryptosporidiosis Associated With a Man-Made Chlorinated Lake–Tarrant County, Texas, 2008. Journal Of Environmental Health, 75(4), 14-19
8. Nalini, G., &Mamatha, K. K. (2012). Isolation and Identification of Pathogenic Bacteria from Four Polluted Lakes of Hyderabad City. IUP Journal Of Life Sciences, 6(1), 34-38
9. Hua, L., Yujuan, S., Jianhai, Y., Zhongying, Y., Yanyan, J., Yuxin, X., & … Jianping, C. (2014). Prevalence and genetic characterization of Cryptosporidium, Enterocytozoon, Giardia and Cyclospora in diarrheal outpatients in china. BMC Infectious Diseases, 14(1), 1-15. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-14-25
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