13 Jun Describe the factors that affect elastic recoil, and explain why the lungs
Question
1. a. Describe the factors that affect elastic recoil, and explain why the lungs do not normally collapse during expiration. (2.5 marks)
b. Describe the neural, chemical, and physical changes that increase the rate and depth of ventilation during exercise. (2.5 marks)
2. Trace the flow of a water molecule through all the anatomical structures from the afferent arteriole to the urinary structures to the end of micturition, and explain the possible fate of such a water molecule. (5 marks)
3. Describe (in detail) how the renin‑angiotensin negative feedback loop helps regulate blood pressure and glomerular filtration rate in response to dehydration. (5 marks)
4. Describe the negative feedback loop that stimulates thirst as a result of dehydration. (5 marks)
5. Explain why food does not normally go into the nasal cavity or into the lungs during swallowing—even if a person stands on his head when he swallows. (5 marks)
6. a. Describe the role of the liver in protein metabolism. (2.5 marks)
b. Identify the protein‑hydrolyzing enzymes in the digestive tract, and name their sources. Why are these enzymes released in an inactive form?(2.5 marks)
7. a. Outline the process of carbohydrate absorption and the possible fates of food energy in the body. (2.5 marks)
b. Describe the role of the hypothalamus in the regulation of food intake. (2.5 marks)
8. Describe the role of the hypothalamus in the regulation of the pituitary gland. (5 marks)
9. Trace the path of a sperm cell from the site of its maturation to the site where it leaves the male body.Include the major function of each segment in this process, and describethe fluids added and their functions. (5 marks)
10. a. Describe the regulation of spermatogenesis. (2.5 marks)
b. Describe the endocrine events associated with fertilization of an ovum and its
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