09 Oct Different Origins, Common Experiences
based on the Notes on Ancheta, Chs. 3 and 4, list all of the reasons that you can find [suggest, hypothesize] for negative treatment of any Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders as a whole racial group or as individual ethnic groups, i.e.: Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, South Asian, Indian, Vietnamese, etc.
[hint: the objective is to identify particular social. political, and/or economic motivations – reasons – for anti-Asian attitudes, beliefs, and actions. not to compile a list of the actions themselves.]
200 words minimum, 300 words maximum
From Asia to the Americas: Different Origins, Common Experiences
– consider the effect of Orientalism as a major Western psychocultural, racial, and often racist paradigm
– reflect on the historical perspective presented in Coolies, Sailors, Settlers video by Prof. Loni Ding and the Asian American Brief Historical Chronology
– contacts by Western powers cause disruption of existing economic systems, sociopolitical order
– British lead competition with Dutch, Portuguese, US for trading positions in Southern China and India, 16th-19th Centuries
– Christianized Chinese engage in the Tai Ping Rebellion (1850-1864): suppressed, failed, rebels killed, their families purged
– Opium Trade corrupts Chinese merchant class, society, government
– Opium Wars weaken imperial rule
– Portuguese black ships initiate trade, Catholic religion in Japan, 16th Century
– Portuguese and Dutch Jesuit/Catholic contacts with Korea, 16th century
– European colonies in the Americas
– colonies established by Spain and Portugal in South and Central America, Mexico, California; by England in “Virginia”, and by the French in Canada
– colonies established to extract raw materials, engage in agriculture, mining industries: labor-intensive activities
– profitability requires no cost/low cost labor, thus slavery, indentured servitude
– which the US Congress equated with “coolieism”
American colonists and neo-colonists secure exploitable labor from the disrupted Asian societies, 16th, 19th, and 20th centuries
– historical order of exploitation: Filipinos, Chinese, Asian Indians, Japanese, Koreans
– migration at different times, similar reasons
– to the South America, Caribbean and Hawai’I first, then
– to California and throughout the West Coast
– arrival of Asian labor from US plantations to railroads to farms was constant until the pattern of Oriental Exclusion began: Chinese excluded first, then Japanese, then all (1924) except Filipinos and indigenous Hawai’Ians
– formation of 19th century Chinatowns, Japantowns, Manilatowns, early 20th century “Hindu” and Korean enclaves: recall Plessy and “separate but [not really] equal”, the legal authority for racial segregation.
pre-WW II experience, Asians in the US
– unwanted immigrants: all Asians were unassimilable by law and ineligible to citizenship – with exception of those who served in the US military – until 1946.
Orientalist/racist depictions of Asians abroad and in the US abounded in US/Western “popular” (unsophisticated but widely enjoyed) literature, film, and music (lyrics)
– Oriental as “strange”, “inscrutable” alien, mysterious/suspicious foreigner, cheater, cunning liar
– e.g., evil Emperor Ming the Merciless in the serialized Flash Gordon films
– e.g., Charlie Chan, Fu Man Chu, Ming characters played by white men in “yellow face” with taped-tight eyes
assimilation/acculturation theory:
– initially developed by Prof. Robert Park: incoming group adopts culture of the “host society” en toto by discarding as much of their original culture as possible. Prof. Milton M. Gordon suggested a less absolute situation, where the incoming group’s entry has a cultural “blending” effect, where some elements of the arriving culture become part of the host society.
– leadership, political consciousness developed from within ethnic community cultural, fraternal, social, organizations
– via ethnic cultural schools, Asian immigrants sought to maintain important elements of their pre-emigration culture in their children and developing communities.
– parallel institutions: racial segregation forced Asian communities to create institutions that paralleled traditional white establishments: e.g., churches, Boy Scout troops, athletic leagues.
post-WWII: McCarthyism (detailed), “Cold War” Popular ConsciousnessSenator Joseph McCarthy (Republican, Wisconsin) gained national prominence by fabricating false stories of communist infiltration of US institutions – including the US Army. McCarthy capitalized on the fear generated by the “Red Scare” and enjoyed support from conservative believers and media profiteers’ manipulation of Hollywood and the press to produce very effective political and social propaganda about Oriental spies and communist conspirators.“Anti-communism” was the vehicle for very popular hyper-nationalist, conservative attacks on liberals/progressives and organized labor and their stances against racism, sexism, capital punishment, poverty, eugenics, inhumane psychiatric treatments.Citing the protection of American values, morality, and cultural integrity as their motivation, conservatives engaged in large-scale censorship of literature and film, forcing unchallenged restrictions on Amendment I rights for over 150 years. (see US Censorship, History)
– More extreme right/conservative groups engaged in book banning, movie banning, book and record (vinyl) burning, particularly black music (then called “race music”), blues, jazz, and the emerging “rock-n-roll” genre.
– persecution of Billie Holiday (jazz), criticism/prohibition of Elvis Presley (rock-n-roll)
– censored books, examples: Gulliver’s Travels (Jonathon Swift), The Origin of the Species (James Darwin), Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Harriet Beecher Stowe), Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (Lewis Carroll), Frankenstein (Mary Shelley), Ulysses (James Joyce), Heart of Darkness (Joseph Conrad), Brave New World (Aldous Huxley), The Call of The Wild (Jack London), Grapes of Wrath (John Steinbeck), Animal Farm (George Orwell), Catcher in the Rye (J.D. Salinger), One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest (Ken Kesey), Go Tell It On The Mountain (James Baldwin), and, of course, The Communist Manifesto (Karl Marx)
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