24 Jul Each question will be answered in half a page. So
Each question will be answered in half a page. So one page should answer two questions. This is a graduate level class so your answers should be supplemented with outside referenced information. Use references when appropriate. Trivial or very short answers repeating just what you heard in class is not sufficient for a good grade in this course. Your answers will have to be supplemented with outside reading.1.Describe the mechanism of action of oral cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase type 5, (PDE-5) inhibitors such as Viagra. Make sure you also explain what c-GMP does where its site of action is with respect to Viagra, and what the role of intracellular Ca++ is.2.List and explain all possible mechanisms whereby a radical prostatectomy leads to male urinary incontinence. Hint, prostatectomy was mentioned in multiple lecturers, and you might also need to research your answers. You are searching for different mechanisms causing incontinence after surgical prostate removal.3. Try to describe and explain the different physiological components responsible for the male erection response during the time when Pudendal arterial blood flow is essentially zero and the intracorporeal blood pressure is much greater than systolic arterial pressure. Make sure you try to explain how the intracorporeal blood pressure is much greater than systolic arterial pressure. This is a tough question because we did not cover all of this in class, but you should have the background to discover the answers.4. Suppose a kidney stone was verified in a patient by low dose renal CT scan. The patient’s main symptoms have been present for 5 days. What are the treatment options and corresponding and mechanisms of action that could cause the stone to eventually be passed in the urine? Do NOT describe all treatment options, only describe the options that cause the stone to eventually be passed in the urine.5. Select a single sex, and then explain how a urethral sling improves urinary incontinence? What exactly is the sling doing to improve incontinence?6. A woman has chronic bladder infections that eventually lead to scarring of the bladder with increased deposition of collagen within the bladder wall. This in turn leads to a decrease in bladder wall compliance. Assume the infection is now gone, but the increased bladder wall collagen deposition and decreased compliance remain. Describe the resulting urinary symptoms of decreased compliance. For each resulting urinary symptom, you must also explain why the symptoms are experience by the female patient.7. Discuss the treatment options for prostate cancer for BOTH localized prostate cancer detected relatively early and late stage prostate cancer.8. Explain how ablating nerves traveling only to the kidney (renal efferents) could potentially reduce hypertension.
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